Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (or BMSCC) and Related Inventions

ABSTRACT

Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (or BMSCC), also known as Real Time Emulation Control (or RTLC), is a contact-less means for powering any electric apparatus with “conditioned” or “re-fabricated” multiphase electrical excitation that is synchronized to the movement of the electric apparatus. BMSCC inherently phase-locks the frequency of excitation to any speed or position of the electric apparatus being controlled by a natural electromagnetic processing means and as a result, the BMSCC is an Electromagnetic Self-Commutator. BMSCC should never be confused with any derivative of Field Oriented Control, which is the other means of conditioning speed-synchronized electrical excitation by iteratively performing “speed-variant-to-speed-invariant” transformations and frequency synthesis by the unnatural processing means of an electronic computer. The control flexibility of BMSCC realizes additional synergistic or complementary electric apparatus inventions as shown in the illustration.

PRIOR ART

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,459,540; 4,634,950; 5,237,255 and 5,243,268 of thisinventor disclosed the “Electric Rotating Apparatus and ElectricMachine” system that incorporates an inherent phase-locking means forsupplying speed-synchronized, multiphase electrical power to the movingactive winding sets of an electric machine entity, which is an electricmotor or electric generator, without electrical-mechanical contacts(i.e., brush-less). As disclosed by the aforementioned patents of thisinventor, the means for providing speed-synchronized power to the PowerGenerator Motor (or PGM), which is a Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed ElectricMachine entity or a stator based permanent magnet singly-fed electricmachine entity, is a Rotor Excitation Generator (or REG). The REG-PGMcombination has not been commercially available because many years ofcontinued research, development, and prototyping by this inventor haveshown new inventions that are crucial for practical control andoperation. Still, the patents realize the only potential embodiment of aBrushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine System.

At the time of the “Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine”patents, this inventor was not familiar with the basic two means ofspeed-synchronized excitation for electric machines, which areSelf-Commutation and derivatives of Flux Oriented Control (or FOC), suchas Flux Vector Control (or FVC).

As it names implies, Self-Commutation is an inherent means ofinstantaneously and automatically commutating, or more appropriatelyphase-locking, the frequency of the electrical excitation signals of thewindings to the speed of the shaft movement for continuous functionaloperation and acceleration of the electric machine without the necessityof continually intervening the phase-locking means with unnaturalprocessing on an electronic computer. As a result, Self-Commutation isconsidered an “emulation” means of electric machinespeed-synchronization.

Self-Commutation has three traits that distinguish itself from the otherspeed-synchronizing means for electrically exciting electric machines,such as derivatives of Field Oriented Control (FOC). Trait 1,Self-Commutation will naturally accelerate the electric machine to itsmechanical limits “without” the need for continuous intervention by anartificial means of speed detection and feedback control, such as anelectronic processor means. Trait 2, Self-Commutation can directlyoperate on any frequency of Alternating Current (AC), including DirectCurrent (DC), because the speed-synchronized frequency of excitation isautomatically produced (i.e., self-commutation). Trait 3, as its nameimplies Self-Commutation produces speed-synchronized electricalexcitation signals naturally and without electronic synthesis.

The other means of speed-synchronizing the electrical excitation ofelectric machines is any derivative of FOC. Invented in the early1970's, FOC could only become what is considered today's moststate-of-art electronic excitation control because enormous advances inelectronic processing performance and density satisfied the formidableprocessing complexity of FOC in some situations. FOC always has four“basic” steps in its control process. Step one, the time and speed“variant” system parameters of the electro-mechanical converter (i.e.,the torque producing electric machine) are measured to form referencesignals. Step two, the reference signals of the multiphase time andspeed “variant” system parameters, as referenced to the low frequencymagnetic energy of the actual torque producing electric machine, aretransformed (sometimes referred to as rotating the reference signals)into a two co-ordinate time and speed “invariant” counterpart (templatewaveform) by estimation algorithms running on powerful electroniccomputers. The “speed invariant” two co-ordinates are respectivelyreferred to as the “d” co-ordinate, which is the flux component, and the“q” co-ordinate, which is the torque component. Step three, the d and qco-ordinate values are re-calculated again by electronic computers toachieve the desired response, such as torque, power factor, etc. Stepfour, the electronic computers use the recalculated d and q co-ordinatesto “synthesize” the phase and frequency of the variable,speed-synchronized excitation waveform by an electronic switchinginverter under Pulse Width Modulation or Space Vector Modulation. Thefour basic steps must be “continuously” performed (or re-iterated) forshaft acceleration or and stable electric machine operation. As aresult, FOC is considered a “simulation” or “artificial” means ofcontrol, because the computations are not instantaneous and theestimation algorithm always deviates from the actual electromagneticprocess.

FOC has three distinguishing traits. Trait 1, the resolution of controlis asymptotically limited, is closely determined by the power and speedof the electronic computers, and is inherently unstable; particularly,at low excitation frequencies, where measurement and estimation becomeelusive. Trait 2, without constant reiterative intervention of theprocess to recalculate the “speed variant” to “speed invariant”transformation and to re-synthesize the excitation waveform by powerfulelectronic computers, FOC cannot continuously accelerate (or evenmaintain) the speed of the shaft. Trait 3, FOC must convert inputelectrical power to an intermediate frequency, such as DC, to supportvariable frequency synthesis. Further, the high frequency synthesizedexcitation waveform is directly applied to the low frequency designedactive winding set or the multiphase AC power source with detrimentalconsequences, if not properly compensated for.

Because of the enhanced performance associated with trueSelf-Commutation, electric machines controlled by any derivative ofField Oriented Control (FOC) are often (and incorrectly) advertised as“self” commutated electric machines as a marketing gimmick.

Prior to the “Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine” patentsof this inventor, Self-Commutation was only available with the venerableDC (or Universal AC) electric machines that incorporate an“Electro-Mechanical” Commutator. The “Electro-Mechanical Commutator” ofthe so-called DC (or Universal AC) electric machine strategicallyarranges electro-mechanical switches about the circumference of therotor shaft that make electrical contact with sliding brushes. Theelectro-mechanical switches are sequentially activated to direct theflow of “single phase” current through the rotor active winding sets inaccordance with the speed and position of the rotating shaft. Thecurrent flow changes discretely as the switches make contact. Theresolution of control is real estate dependent on the number of switchesthat can occupy the contact space while being capable of supplyingcurrent.

In contrast to electro-mechanical self-commutation, “electro-magnetic”self-commutation uses an arrangement of power semiconductors, calledSynchronous Modulator-Demodulators (i.e., Modems), on each side of aPosition Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (or PDF-HFT).Electromagnetic self-commutation electromagnetically directs the flow ofsingle or multiphase current (or flux) through the winding sets of thePDF-HFT in accordance with the position and speed of the rotating shaft(i.e., electric machine speed-synchronization), which in turn excite therotor active winding sets of the PGM. The current flow is continuouslysmooth. The resolution of control is electromagnetic and significantlybetter than the electromechanical self-commutator.

This inventor now realizes the REG of the “Electric Rotating Apparatusand Electric Machine” patents is one means of “Electro-Magnetic”Self-Commutation and this inventor has since defined several new termsto better describe electro-magnetic self-commutation, which are RotorExcitation Generation and Rotor Excitation Generator (or REG). RotorExcitation Generation, which is a synonym for electro-magneticcommutation, is any brushless real time emulation means that generatesthe precise signal waveforms for exciting a multiphase rotating windingset of an electric machine at any speed. Rotor Excitation Generator isany device that provides Rotor Excitation Generation.

Although U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,459,540; 4,634,950; 5,237,255 and 5,243,268 ofthis inventor coincidentally disclosed at the time to be the onlybrushless means of self-commutation for speed-synchronizing theelectrical excitation, which was within the REG embodiment ofimplementing a Brushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed ElectricMachine or a stator based permanent magnet or field winding singly-fedelectric machine, the claims of the patents did not understand ordisclose peculiar new REG art that could only be learned from additionalyears of REG motivated research by the inventor while attempting to makethe issued patents practical. For instance, the patents disclosedtraditional modulation techniques that were understood at the time andsuccessfully used by conventional electronic controllers for speed andtorque control of electric machines. The inventor did not realize thatthese traditional modulation techniques of phase, frequency, andamplitude modulation were not appropriate with the non-conventional REGthat incorporates Synchronous Modems on each side of a multiphase HighFrequency Rotating Transformer (HFRT). The Synchronous Modems mustgenerate high frequency signals with symmetrically bipolar transitions(or signals without any DC bias) for compatibility with the PDF-HFT.Further, the inventor did not understand the extraordinary environmentalstress placed on the electrical and electronic equipment of the issuedU.S. patents. For instance, the electrical and electronic components aredirectly exposed to the harsh environment of the electric machineinstallation because the issue patents disclose the only electricmachine that must closely couple all electrical and electroniccomponents to the moving shaft of the electric machine. Consequently,the issued U.S. patents did not understand or disclose the modulationrequirements for Power Factor control and speed-torque control or theenvironmental requirements for the sensitive electrical and electronicequipment for practical operation of the Electric Rotating Apparatus andElectric Machine.

To best understand the new art of BMSCC and its distinguishingcharacteristics from pertinent prior art, including aspects of the“Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine” patents of thisinventor, an introduction to electric machines will follow.

Electric Machines are electromechanical converters, which convertelectric power to mechanical power or visa-versa. All Electric Machineshave one mutually independent port for “mechanical” power, whichexperiences rotation or linear movement at a given speed and torque (orforce), and one port for “electrical” power (i.e., Singly-Fed) or atmost two mutually independent ports (i.e., Doubly-Fed) for “electrical”power. More than three mutually independent power ports is a duplicationof the Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed categories of Electric Machines. Bypumping an average mechanical power into the mechanical port, theelectrical port(s) will output an average electrical power (orgenerate). By pumping an average electrical power into the electricalport(s), the mechanical port will output an average mechanical power (ormotor).

The basic electromagnetic core structure of any electric machineconsists of the rotor (or moving) assembly and the stator (orstationary) assembly that are separated by a single air gap to allowrelative movement. Electric machine operation can be simply described astwo synchronized rotating (or moving) magnetic fields that are on therotor (or moving body) assembly and the stator (or stationary body)assembly, respectively. Essentially one moving magnetic field drags theother magnetic field (and its associated carrier body) along by magneticattraction (or repulsion) and thereby, creating work. Withoutsynchronization between the rotating (or moving) magnetic fields on eachside of the air gap, torque (or force) pulsation would result and nouseful average power could be produced. Since Ampere's Circular Lawimplies Magnetic Flux and Current are interchangeable terms, rotating(or moving) current sheets show the same analogy as rotating (or moving)magnetic fields. Ampere's Circular Law simply states the Magnetic FluxIntensity along a circular path at a given radius from a currentcarrying conductor is equal to the Magneto-Motive-Force on the conductordivided by the circumference of the circular path. Magneto-Motive-Force(or MMF) is the product of the number of current carrying conductors(i.e., winding-turns) and the current in the conductors.

-   -   NOTE: Linear (or moving) and rotating electric machines follow        the same electromagnetic principles of operation. As used        herein, “torque” will be used interchangeably with “force” and        “rotating” will be used interchangeably with “moving”, where        “torque and rotating” are terms applied to rotating electric        machines and “force and moving” are terms applied to linear        electric machines.

There are two basic relations that simultaneously govern electricmachine operation, Faraday's Law and Lorentz Relation. Faraday's Lawsimply states that the port Voltage of any electric machine is equal tothe change in flux, ψ, over time that cuts through a given number ofwinding-turns, N. Lorentz Relation simply states that the force (ortorque) on a current carrying conductor with a given length is thecross-product between the total current in the conductors and theMagnetic Flux Density, β, which is a direct derivative of Magnetic FluxIntensity, H, and the MMF on the conductor. Lorentz Relation stipulatesthe direction of force follows the Right-Hand-Rule convention, whichshows the force to be perpendicular to the plane of the current and fluxaxis, and the phase angle between the two synchronized rotating (andmoving) fields (or the current and flux axis) must be greater than zerodegrees for force to occur with the greatest force occurring at any oddmultiple of 90 degrees or π/2 radians. Since current and flux areinterchangeable terms, the terms of Lorentz Relation can be purelymagnetic or purely current.

Any deviation from the basic electromagnetic core structure or theprinciple of operation as just described, which is synchronized rotatingmagnetic fields (or current sheets) on each side of an air gap, issimply a duplication of the basic core structure of the electric machineas describe. For instance, the so-called Dual Mechanical Port ElectricMachine (DMP) has two air gaps within the same body and accordingly, itis two basic electric machines in the same body.

A rotating (or moving) magnetic field can be realized by a rotating (ormoving) Permanent Magnet Assembly, by a rotating (or moving) “Passive”Winding Set Assembly, or by a stationary or rotating (or moving)“Active” Winding Set Assembly. The “Passive” Winding Set and thePermanent Magnet Assembly have no electrical or mechanical gateway for“real” power production or consumption (other than dissipative power orelectrical loss while producing the magnetic field). Consequently, thePermanent Magnet Assembly and the Passive Winding Set Assembly passivelyparticipate in the energy conversion process for the sole purpose ofsatisfying the magnetic field condition of Lorentz Relation and as aresult, Permanent Magnets and Passive Winding Sets Assemblies arecommonly interchangeable assemblies. Examples of Passive Winding Setsare the AC (i.e., Alternating Current) Squirrel Cage Winding Assemblyfound in Asynchronous (i.e., Induction) Electric Machines and either theConventional or Superconductor DC (i.e., Direct Current) WindingAssembly (or Electromagnet) found in Synchronous Electric Machines. Incontrast, “Active” Winding Sets experience real (or active) power (otherthan dissipative power or electrical loss), and as a result, activelyparticipates in the energy conversion process. An Active Winding Set hasto be a multiphase AC winding arrangement that is independently excitedwith a multiphase AC electrical source (i.e., 3-Phase AC, 6-Phase AC,etc.) through its own independent electrical terminals. Since only amultiphase (AC) winding set with an independent means of excitation(i.e., active winding set) functions as an electrical power gateway andonly a multiphase AC winding set produces its own rotating (or moving)magnetic field while situated on a stationary body, all electricmachines must incorporate at least one multiphase AC winding set orActive Winding Set, which determines the power capacity of the electricmachine. The frequency of electrical excitation of the Active WindingSet must be synchronized to the mechanical speed of the electric machineby the following relationship:

${fm} = {\frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P}\mspace{14mu} {Synchronous}\mspace{14mu} {Speed}\mspace{14mu} {Relation}}$

Where:

-   -   fs is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the        stator (or primary) winding set (i.e., 60 Hz) and is related to        the speed of the magnetic field in the air-gap;    -   fr is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the rotor        (or moving) (or secondary) winding set, which is virtually zero        for Singly-Fed or Permanent Magnet Electric Machines;    -   fm is the mechanical speed (revolutions per second) of the        rotor;    -   P is the number of magnetic “pole-pairs”;

If an electric machine incorporates a winding on each side of the airgap without any permanent magnets, it is fully electromagnetic and showstwo components of MMF to satisfy the magnetic coupling (induction) ortransformer action between the winding sets; otherwise Faraday's Lawwould be violated. One component of MMF, which this disclosure callsMagnetizing MMF, produces the air gap flux density, produces reactive(or imaginary) power, and does not contributes to force. The othercomponent of MMF, which this disclosure calls Power MMF, produces force,produces active (or real) power), and does not contributes to air gapflux density. To satisfy the laws of electric machines, the MagnetizingMMF and the Power MMF must be ninety degrees out of phase.

The Winding Set (or the Permanent Magnet assembly) on each side of theair gap of an electric machine must have similar magnetizingMagneto-Motive-Force (or Permanent Magnet Coercivity) to satisfy theinduction principles of a transformer (or to avoid permanent magnetdemagnetization, which is exasperated by temperature). Magnetizing MMFproduces core Flux Intensity (and core Flux Density) depending on thepermeability (or magnetic resistance) of the magnetic path. Coercivityhas a similar relationship with Permanent Magnets as MMF does withelectromagnets. Electromagnets are also referred to as a field-windingor a wound-field set but never an active winding set.

Due to today's energy consciousness, it is becoming customary tocomplement any electric machine with electronic excitation control foroptimum performance. There are only two basic categories of electroniccontrol, Self-Commutation and derivatives of Field Oriented Control (orFOC). Further, today's most efficient electric machines requireelectronic excitation control for functional operation. These electricmachine “systems” are commonly referred to as Adjustable Speed Drives.Some electric machine systems, such as superconductor electric machinesystems, require additional support equipment beyond electronicexcitation control for functional operation, such as cryogenicrefrigeration, etc. Although rarely the case, the contributing effectsassociated with the cost, efficiency, reliability, and power density ofthe electronic excitation controller or ancillary equipment forfunctional operation of the system should always be included whenevaluating the overall performance of the electric machine “system”.

All Electric Machines or Electric Machine Systems can be categorized aseither Doubly-Fed or Singly-Fed Electric Machine Systems, which indicatethe number of “active winding sets” contained within the basicelectromagnetic core structure. Whether Doubly-fed or Singly-fed, allElectric Machines can be further categorized as Asynchronous orSynchronous electric machines, which indicate how the synchronizedrotating magnetic fields (or current sheets) on each side of the air gapare maintained. Asynchronous Electric Machines “dependently” maintainthe two rotating magnetic fields by the mutual induction of current(i.e., the rotating transformer principles) due to a difference inrotational (or moving) speed (i.e., slip) between the Passive AC WindingSet and the rotating field in the air gap. The slip should be kept smallfor best performance. In contrast, Synchronous Electric Machines“independently” maintain each of the two rotating magnetic fields; therotor maintains a field by mechanical rotation of the constant magneticfield of a permanent magnet assembly or a field winding assembly.Asynchronous Electric Machines are inherently stable, exhibit startuptorque, and can operate standalone on multiphase AC power, because themutually inclusive maintenance of the two rotating magnetic fields byslip holds synchronism between the two moving magnetic fields regardlessof speed. Note: this is not self-commutation because the slip must becontinuously maintained by some control means regardless of speed orexcitation frequency for continuous acceleration. Synchronous electricmachines are inherently unstable, do not exhibit startup torque, andcannot operate standalone, because the mutually exclusive maintenance ofthe two rotating magnetic fields is prone to loss of synchronism withpotentially devastating results.

-   -   Note: Any Electric Machine that independently maintains the        synchronized rotating magnetic fields on each side of the air        gap without the need to maintain slip for speed based induction        even while potentially experiencing slip is considered a        Synchronous Electric Machine. Common examples of synchronous        electric machines are the so-called brushless DC Electric        Machines (i.e., permanent magnet), Field Excited Synchronous        Electric Machines (i.e., electromagnet), Synchronous Reluctance        Electric Machines, and Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed        Electric Machines. Examples of Asynchronous Electric Machines        are the Singly-fed Induction Electric Machines (i.e., squirrel        cage rotor, wound-rotor, and slip-energy recovery) and the        Doubly-Fed Induction Electric Machines (or so-called Brushless        Doubly-Fed Electric Machines) with the two active winding sets        having unlike pole-pairs and as a result, rely on rotational        speed based (i.e., slip) induction for excitation.

Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machines have two independently excitedactive winding sets for the independent production of the twosynchronized rotating (or moving) magnetic fields and are thereforesynchronous electric machines. At least one active winding set must beexcited with bi-directional electrical power. As the only electricmachine with an “active” winding set situated on the rotor, the rotorcore assembly of the Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machine becomes an“active” participant in the energy conversion process and adds realpower to the system. In all other electric machines, the real estate ofthe rotor core assembly (or in some cases the stator core assembly) isconsidered underutilized because the rotor is only a passive participantin the energy conversion process and does not add real power to thesystem. With this consideration, the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous]Doubly-Fed Electric Machine has the most ideal electromagnetic corestructure of any electric machine with a given air gap flux density.However, the Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machine incorporatessliding contacts (i.e., multiphase slip ring assembly) for anindependent electrical excitation connection to the rotating activewinding set and is acutely unstable at synchronous speed, where thefrequency and voltage of the rotor excitation is difficult to measure orsynthesize by any derivative of FOC electronic control. Together, themultiphase slip ring assembly and the instability impose a formidable“Achilles' Heel” for the Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed electric machine, whichhas kept this electric machine in virtual oblivion except as the classicstudy of electric machines.

Two facts are indisputable among electric machine experts with ampleevidence emerging from technical periodicals and research projects, theWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine shows twice theconstant torque speed range for a given frequency and voltage ofoperation (7200 rpm@60 Hz, 1 pole-pair) and its electronic excitationcontroller conditions only the power of the rotor active winding set,which is a fraction (half or less) of the total power of the electricmachine. While disregarding its Achilles' Heel, in theory these factsgive the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machinesignificant attributes compared to all other electric machines withsimilar air gap flux densities. Since the two active winding setsconveniently occupy the same physical volume by utilizing the otherwisepassive rotor space, the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-Fed ElectricMachine shows twice the power density as singly-fed electric machines,assuming all active winding sets have similar ratings. Since the totalcurrent is shared between the two active winding sets, the Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine shows the same electrical loss(i.e., I²R loss) as the most efficient electric machine available, whichis the singly-fed synchronous electric machine with a lossless permanentmagnet assembly (i.e., brushless DC electric machine), assuming thepermanent magnet assembly produces the same Flux Density as the activewinding sets. Likewise, the Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-FedElectric Machine shows nearly half the electrical loss as a similarlyrated asynchronous (i.e., induction) electric machine, which mustinclude the additional electrical loss of the “passive” winding set onthe rotating body. After legitimately including the significant cost,efficiency, and power density advantages of its electronic controllerand disregarding its Achilles' Heel, nothing approaches the Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Doubly-fed electric machine system (including today'ssuperconductor electric machines), if cost, efficiency, and powerdensity were the principal considerations.

The Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-fed Electric Machine, which byextraordinary control means is a doubly-fed synchronous electric machinewith two “active” winding sets situated on the stator and rotor,respectively, should never be confused with the “Wound Field” electricmachine or the “Wound Rotor” induction electric machine, which by designincorporates only one active winding set. The Wound-Rotor [Synchronous]Doubly-fed Electric Machine and the Wound-Rotor Induction ElectricMachine are respective examples of synchronous doubly-fed andasynchronous singly-fed electric machines.

To understand the distinguishing operating features between electricmachines, the following qualifying properties of electric machinesshould be considered.

Chief reason for using permanent magnets in electric machines is toreplace brushes or slip rings with purely electronic control, since themoving permanent magnets do not require electrical power. Another reasonfor using permanent magnets is for improving efficiency, since permanentmagnets do not participate in the energy conversion process and do notrequire or dissipate electrical power. Since permanent magnets do occupycore real estate but do not participate in the energy conversionprocess, the core real estate of the permanent synchronous electricmachine is not optimally utilized as is the core real estate of thewound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine.

Non-Permanent Magnet Electric Machines achieve higher air-gap FluxDensity and torque producing current density than a Permanent MagnetSynchronous Electric Machine, if properly designed while disregardingany electrical loss or electrical anomalies associated with achievingthe air-gap Flux Density or current density.

Electric Machines incorporate a core of magnetic steel to localize theentire length of the magnetic path through the core to the air gap depthand as a result, the magnetic steel core significantly reduces the MMFrequirement of the electric machine. Lower MMF is tantamount to lowerelectrical loss and higher performance electric machines. Any FluxDensity production beyond the core saturation limit requires additionalMMF that is based on the low permeability of air, rather than the highpermeability of magnetic steel, which is hundreds of times better thanair.

The steel magnetic core has its own deficiencies, such as Eddy Currentloss and a finite Flux Density saturation limit. To reduce magneticlosses and improve flux density saturation, so-called low loss magneticsteel is traditionally used, which is always improving through constantresearch on the molecular level, such as nanotechnology and amorphousmetals. The core of the electric machine is powdered metal or assembledin layers of magnetic steel (i.e., ribbon, laminations, etc.) toincrease the resistance to eddy currents.

Electric machines are further categorized by the direction of the fluxthrough the air-gap. If the flux travels parallel to the shaft, theelectric machine is referred to as an axial flux electric machine andhas a pancake or hockey puck form-factor. If the flux travelsperpendicular to the shaft, the electric machine is referred to as aradial flux electric machine and has a classical cylinder in cylinderform-factor. Sort of a misnomer, a Transverse Flux and Longitudinal Fluxelectric machine indicates the direction of “current” (not the flux) inrelation to movement. The current flow in the longitudinal flux electricmachine (the classic electric machine) is perpendicular to the magneticfield while the current flow in the transverse flux electric machines isin the same direction of movement. In Transverse flux electric machinesthe current term in Lorentz relation for force production, which allelectric machines must satisfy, is focused by the core into anadditional Flux Density term (i.e., current and flux intensity areinterchangeable terms).

The efficiency principle behind Synchronous Singly-fed Electric Machineswith a Superconductor Field-Winding is the result of achieving ultrahigh air-gap Flux Density, which reduces the number of winding-turns andassociated electrical loss of the “conventional” active winding set, andis not the result of the low electrical loss associated with thesuperconductor electromagnet as sometimes assumed; otherwise, PermanentMagnets, which have no electrical loss, could easily replace theSuperconductor Field-Winding (i.e., electromagnet) with the same result,as is commonly done for conventional passive winding sets (i.e.,Field-Windings, electromagnets, etc.).

For a given voltage and frequency of excitation, the power rating of anyelectric machine is the sum of the power rating of its “active” windingset(s). Likewise, the electrical loss of any electric machine is the sumof the electrical loss of all winding sets associated with the electricmachine, including any “passive” winding sets. Electrical Loss has nocomparable meaning unless proportionally associated with the powerrating of the electric machine. Electrical loss is based on the productof the current squared and the resistance in the winding set (i.e., I²R)with resistance proportional to number of winding-turns or MMF. Thesynchronous singly-fed electric machine with a single winding set (i.e.,the active winding set) shows nearly half the electrical loss as asimilarly rated asynchronous singly-fed electric machine, which mustinclude the additional electrical loss associated with the extra“passive” winding set (i.e., the squirrel cage winding) with a similarMMF as the “active” winding set to satisfy the transformer principles ofinduction. If all active winding sets in any comparison have similarratings, a wound-rotor [synchronous] doubly-fed electric machine withtwo active winding sets (and no passive winding set) would show twicethe power output and twice the electrical loss as a synchronoussingly-fed electric machine (with only one winding set), which istantamount to the same electrical loss factor as the synchronoussingly-fed electric machine and half the electrical loss factor as theasynchronous singly-fed electric machine.

Since all singly-fed electric machines must incorporate one activewinding set, which determines the power capacity and physical size ofthe electric machine, all singly-fed electric machines are approximatelythe same physical size for a given voltage, current and magnetic flux ofoperation. Form factor, construction techniques, etc., which can improvepower density, should not be used entirely as a power density metricbecause virtually all of these techniques can be migrated equally to anyelectric machine type.

Electric machine experts agree, “wound field”, “field wound” or “fieldwinding” are qualifying terms that refer to a specific type of electricmachine winding (i.e., a DC electromagnet) that does not activelyparticipate in the energy conversion process but sets up a constantmagnetic field in the air gap, which appears rotating (moving) only bythe physical action of rotation or movement. Otherwise, there would beno qualifying reason for using the terms “wound field”, “field wound” or“field winding” to distinguish these windings types from the otherwinding type that all electric machines must incorporate at least one,which is the multiphase AC winding set or “active” winding set.

Higher speed electric machines always show higher power density.However, high speed singly-fed electric machines require high excitationfrequency, which leads to high core loss and higher material cost tomitigate the higher core loss. Consequently, all manufacturers of highspeed electric machines have incorporated low loss materials in theirmachine design, such as thinner laminations, amorphous magnetic metals,etc., as fast as they become feasibly available. The wound-rotordoubly-fed shows twice the constant torque speed range (i.e., 7200 rpmwith 2 poles and 60 Hz excitation) as singly-fed electric machines(i.e., 3200 rpm with 2 poles and 60 Hz excitation) and as a result, thewound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine has a higher power density corethan a singly-fed electric machine while operating at the grid frequency(i.e., 50 hz, 60 hz, etc).

Electronic controllers of electric machines synthesize the frequency andamplitude of the excitation waveforms with high frequency modulation,such as Pulse Width Modulation or Space Vector Modulation. Highfrequency modulation exposes the windings and power source of theelectric machine to high frequency harmonics, which are detrimental tobearing and winding insulation life. High frequency harmonics also causehigh core and electrical loss.

The design of electric machines is straight forward and relies heavilyon Faraday's Law, Lorentz Relation, and Ampere's Circular Law. Theserelations can be simplified into the following:

Voltage = K_(V) × (N × β × LEN_(Airgap)) × DIA_(Airgap) × W_(AirgapFlux);${\beta = {K_{\beta} \times \frac{\mu}{L_{Circumference}} \times {MMF}}};$${{Torque} = {K_{T} \times \frac{Voltage}{W_{AirgapFlux}} \times \frac{Voltage}{W_{AirgapFlux}} \times I_{T} \times P_{pp}}};$Power = Voltage × I_(T);

Where:

-   -   Voltage Voltage level in relation to neutral of the phase (i.e.,        not Phase-to-Phase Voltage)    -   MMF Magneto-Motive-Force or (N×I_(M));    -   N Number of turns contained in an individual winding coil        arrangement (i.e., winding-turns per magnetic pole). A winding        coil produces a magnetic pole-pair;    -   B Flux Density in the air-gap;    -   I_(M) Current in the winding to produce the air-gap flux (i.e.,        Magnetizing Current);    -   μ Permeability of the flux path;    -   L_(Circumference) Circumference (or length) of the magnetic path        (or ideally, the depth of the air gap with an high permeability        magnetic core);    -   I_(T) Current in the winding that produces electromechanical        conversion (i.e., Torque Current);    -   LEN_(Airgap) Air-gap length;    -   DIA_(Airgap) Air-gap diameter;    -   P_(pp) Number of Pole-Pairs;    -   W_(AirgapFlux) Angular speed of the flux in the air gap, which        is 2·π·Frequency;    -   K_(V), K_(β), K_(T) Factors associated with winding factors,        number of air-gap paths, etc.

A simplified design criterion for any electric machine is as follows:

-   -   Step 1. The Design Specification:        -   Desired Voltage of the electrical source;        -   Desired Frequency of the electrical source;        -   Desired Power or desired Force (or Torque).        -   Desired Flux Density, β, in the air gap, which is within the            core saturation criteria and determines the MMF or            magnetizing current (i.e., not torque current);    -   Step 2. The Design Phase (initially, consider a magnetic core        with very high permeability, which is effectively infinite        compared to air)        -   Determine Torque Current, I_(T), by dividing:            -   Desired Power by Voltage;        -   Determine the factor (N×LEN_(airgap)×DIA_(airgap)) with            desired, β, Voltage, and Frequency substitution in Faraday's            Law. For a given β, Voltage, and Frequency, only three            dimensions of design variation, N, LEN_(airgap),            DIA_(airgap).        -   Re-Iterate the effective terms, N, DIA_(airgap), and            LEN_(airgap) of the factor (N×LEN_(airgap)×DIA_(airgap)) for            the desired form-factor.        -   The effective terms DIA_(airgap) and LEN_(airgap) do not            include construction anomalies, such as slot area, wire            size, etc., which may affect the overall dimensions            significantly.        -   Using the dimensions of the effective terms and desired            Magnetizing Current, I_(M), determine the air-gap depth            (i.e., L_(Circumference)) with

${\beta = {K_{\beta} \times \frac{\mu}{L_{Circumferemce}} \times {MMF}}};$

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

After years of proprietary and solitary research, development, andprototyping by this patentee and inventor, who is the sole keeper of theknowledge base that is not obvious to electric machine experts orengineers since there is no similar art in concept, research, ordevelopment, it became evident that the REG of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,459,540;4,634,950; 5,237,255 and 5,243,268 of this inventor required otherimportant inventions for practical reality of the system and to heightenthe performance provided by the system. Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (or BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (orRTEC) are terms conceived by the patentee to conveniently describe theculmination of important inventions of the REG for practical excitationand control of electric apparatus and to avoid any confusion with theother means of excitation control, which is any derivative of FieldOriented Control (FOC).

-   -   Note: As used herein, BMSCC (or RTEC) are synonymous terms.

One object of the present invention is to provide a Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Controller (BMSCC) that further comprises a subset ofthe components of the REG, such as the Position Dependent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (or PDF-HFT) and the SynchronousModulators-Demodulators or MODEM(s), but in the embodiment of BMSCC withnew modulation or gating means and other synergistic art to condition orre-fabricate the waveforms on each side of the PDF-HFT for adjusting thetransfer of excitation power to any electric apparatus for fullparametric control and practical operation.

Another object of the present invention is to provide supplemental meansin the BMSCC embodiment, such as a Position Independent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (or PIF-HFT) in conjunction with the PDF-HFT, forBMSCC compatibility with stationary or rotating (or moving) activewinding sets of any type of singly-fed or doubly-fed electric machine,including Reluctance electric machines, Asynchronous electric machines,and Synchronous electric machines. Together, the PDF-HFT in conjunctionwith the PIF-HFT is referred to as the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination.

A further object of the present invention is to provide MagnetizingCurrent Generator means (MCG) for first establishing an oscillatingmagnetic field (or fields) in the core of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) by flowing an oscillating magnetizingcurrent in the winding or windings of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) at a frequency that is within the design criteria of thePDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) and may be varied duringoperation at any time.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide aSynchronized Gate (or Modulation) Clock or Clocks (SGC) that issynchronized to the symmetrical bipolar transitions of the oscillatingmagnetic field (or fields) or derivatives, such as the oscillatingmagnetizing currents or voltages in the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination), regardless of any change of the frequency of oscillations.The SGC is a reference for gating (or switching) the Synchronous Modems.

Still another object of the present invention is to gate (or modulate)the Synchronous Modems on the primary and secondary sides of the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) in time offset relationship to theSynchronous Gating Clock or Clocks (SGC). The time offset relationshipcan be varied between any Synchronous Modem for electronic adjustment orre-fabrication of the modulation envelop of the waveform forconditioning the power transfer while the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) is with or without movement.

Still another object of the present invention is to gate (or modulate)the Synchronous Modems on the primary and secondary sides of the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) in cycle burst density relationship tothe SGC at predefined intervals for electronic adjustment orre-fabrication of the modulation envelop of the waveform. The intervals(i.e., frames) or density of the cycle burst lengths (i.e., strings) canbe varied between any Synchronous Modem for conditioning the powertransfer while the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) is with orwithout movement.

Still another object of the present invention is to share theoscillating magnetic field energy in the core of the PDF-HFT betweenphase windings of the PDF-HFT by gating (or modulating) the synchronousmodems with any combination of time offset relationship or cycle burstdensity relationship for electronic adjustment or re-fabrication of themodulation envelop of the waveform or for parametric control.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a derivativeof BMSCC with the physical relationship between the primary andsecondary bodies of the PDF-HFT in a fixed state regardless of themovement of the electrical apparatus being excited while sharing theoscillating magnetic energy of the PDF-HFT for traditional means ofelectric apparatus control.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanicaladjustment means between the primary and secondary bodies of the PDF-HFTfor simultaneously enhancing the electronic adjustment andre-fabrication control means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provideenvironmental stress immunity to sensitive electrical and electroniccomponents because the BMSCC is the only electronic control means forelectric apparatus that requires placement of sensitive components nearthe movement of the moving body of the electric apparatus and into thesame hostile environment experienced by the electric machine.

Still another object of the present invention is to complement BMSCCwith any of the following synergistic art: resonant switching (sometimescalled soft switching) means, including means to predict the zerocrossing by extrapolating out indeterminate delays, wirelesscommunication means between moving and stator bodies, Speed-PositionResolving means inherent in the multiphase PDF-HFT winding arrangement,Capture, Control, Command, and Communication (CCCC) means, and ProcessControl Means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a rotaryphase converter or rotary frequency converter while rotating or movingthe moving body of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a stationaryphase or frequency conversion by sharing the oscillating magnetic energybetween phase windings situated within the core of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any type ofsingly-fed or doubly-fed electric machine that incorporates BMSCCelectric machine means, such as asynchronous, synchronous, andreluctance electric machines, which includes linear, rotating, axialflux, radial flux, transverse flux, induction, permanent magnet, andsuperconductor electric machines.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a doubly-fedelectric machine that incorporates BMSCC electric machine means with aseries winding connection arrangement where each phase winding set ofthe stator of the electric machine is connected in series with theelectrical terminals of a phase port of the BMSCC.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a doubly-fedelectric machine that incorporates BMSCC electric machine means with aparallel winding connection arrangement where each phase winding set ofthe stator of the electric machine is connected in parallel with theelectrical terminals of a phase port of the BMSCC.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any fixed orvariable speed constant frequency (VSCF) Wind Turbine (or Windmill) thatincorporates BMSCC electric machine means, which is very different fromVSCF Wind Turbines with FOC electric machine means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide any fixed orvariable speed constant frequency (VSCF) renewable prime mover, such astidal, wave, or active solar, that incorporates BMSCC electric machinemeans.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an EnhanceTransmission Means (ETM) for connecting multiple electric machines to aprime mover, such as the propeller shaft of any Wind Turbine, that candrive one or more electric machines of any kind for converting the speedof the prime mover to a compatible speed expected of the electricmachine shaft and for distributing the power and torque strain acrossmultiple electric machines.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an ETM forWind Turbines that incorporate BMSCC electric machine means.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an ElectricVehicle (EV) power train system that incorporates BMSCC electric machinemeans for electric motoring and generating (during braking).

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a highfrequency single or multiphase AC electric power distribution means forelectrically powering the power train of any electric vehicle (EV) withany electric machine.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an electricvehicle (EV) power steering means by controlling (or differentiating)the torque of any two electric machines, where each electric machineindependently powers one of the two wheels that steer.

Obviously, numerous variations and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present inventions. Therefore, itshould be clearly understood that the form of the present inventiondescribed above and shown in the figures of the accompanying drawings isillustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinventions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Numerous other objects, features, and advantages of the invention shouldnow become apparent upon reading of the following detailed descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a Rotor Excitation Generator (REG)exciting a Power Generator Motor (PGM), which is a Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machine in accordance with this patentee's U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,459,540; 4,634,950; 5,237,255; and 5,243,268. It will be used fordemonstrating the concept of Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation andas a result, the circuit topology is simplified to the point of perhapsbeing non-functional in real life operation.

FIG. 2 demonstrates the signal flow through the PGM entity as referencedto FIG. 4. FIG. 4 blanks out the REG portion of FIG. 1 to focus on thePGM entity.

FIG. 3 demonstrates the signal flow through the REG entity as referencedto FIG. 5. FIG. 5 blanks out the PGM portion of FIG. 1 to focus on theREG entity.

FIG. 4 focuses on the PGM portion of FIG. 1 to better indicate thesignal flow through the PGM entity as referenced to FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 focuses on the REG portion of FIG. 1 to better indicate thesignal flow through the REG entity as referenced to FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 portrays all embodiments of new art in accordance with thepresent invention. FIG. 6 includes Modulation Means, synergistic art,and complementary invention peculiar to the present invention.

FIGS. 6-1 is a magnified view of the upper left corner of FIG. 6.

FIGS. 6-2 is a magnified view of the upper right corner of FIG. 6.

FIGS. 6-3 is a magnified view of the lower left corner of FIG. 6.

FIGS. 6-4 is a magnified view of the lower right corner of FIG. 6.

FIG. 7 portrays the new power waveform conditioning (or re-fabrication)technique in accordance with the present invention, referred to asCompensated Time Offset Modulation (CTOM), which gates the SynchronousModulators-Demodulators (or MODEM) in time offset relationship to thesymmetrical bipolar transitions of the high frequency waveforms that ispre-established by the Magnetizing Current Generator (or MCG).

FIG. 8 portrays the new power waveform conditioning (or re-fabrication)technique in accordance with the present invention, referred to asCompensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM), which gates the SynchronousModulators-Demodulators (or MODEM) in cycle burst density relationshipat predefined intervals of the symmetrical bipolar transitions of thehigh frequency waveforms that is pre-established by the MagnetizingCurrent Generator (or MCG).

FIG. 9 illustrates a 3-Phase example of the high frequency flux orcurrent vector sharing between phase windings of the Position DependentFlux High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) on an x-y coordinate system asa result of the new modulation techniques in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 is a perspective photographic view of either the rotating (ormoving) or stationary section of the Position Dependent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) including an assembled sectional view,which incorporates both stationary and rotating sections of the PDF-HFT.FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of the PDF-HFT, which is an axialflux (or pancake) design with an air gap junction for non-obstructivemovement.

FIG. 11 is a perspective photographic view of either the rotating (ormoving) or stationary section of the Position Independent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PIF-HFT) including an assembled sectional view,which incorporates both stationary and rotating sections of the PIF-HFT.FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of the PIF-HFT, which is an axialflux (or pancake) design with an air gap junction for non-obstructivemovement.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the Enhanced Transmission Means(ETM), which is the Flexible Transmission System (FTS) art, forconnecting multiple electric machine systems to the prime mover, such asthe (propeller) shaft of a wind turbine transmission, while modifyingthe speed ratio at the shaft of the electric machine systems anddistributing the power and torque between multiple electric machinesystems.

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention of a Internal(or Planetary) Transmission System (PTS) for connecting multiple BMSCCelectric machine systems to the prime mover, such as the (propeller)shaft of a wind turbine, while modifying the speed ratio at the shaft ofthe electric machine systems and distributing the power and torquebetween multiple electric machine systems.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention of theElectric Vehicle (EV) power train with all invention related components:the electric machine system means (including BMSCC means), the powerassisted steering means, and the High Frequency power distribution busmeans.

FIG. 15 illustrates switching component connection to the primary andsecondary windings of the high frequency transformer with simplifiedPush-Pull and Full-Bridge circuit topologies. There are other possiblecircuit topologies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

True Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC) or Real TimeEmulation Control (RTEC) is a contact-less means of propagatingconditioned or re-fabricated electrical power between relativelyisolated bodies while naturally inducing any potential mechanical speedor positional movement between the bodies onto the original electricalwaveform by means of an Electro-magnetic Self-Commutator (i.e.,electromagnetic computer or rotor excitation generator). True BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC) is a new embodiment of aRotor Excitation Generator (REG). A Rotor Excitation Generator is anydevice that provides Rotor Excitation Generation, which is synonymouswith electromagnetic self-commutation. Previously, the only example of aREG was a component associated with the Electric Rotating Apparatus andElectric Machine patents of this inventor (U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,530, U.S.Pat. No. 4,634,950, U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,255, and U.S. Pat. No.5,243,268). BMSCC provides other important inventions and new art notknown at the time of the original patents but required for practicalreality and heightened performance of an REG and the electric machinesystem it controls. It should be understood that these new embodiments,inventions, means and new art are the result of years of proprietary andsolitary research, development and prototyping by this patentee and thesole keeper of the knowledge base and are not obvious to electricmachine experts or engineers nor found in prior art. BMSCC (or RTEC) aresynonyms coined by this patentee to conveniently describe the newembodiments of an REG and to avoid any confusion with any derivative ofField Oriented Control (FOC). An electric apparatus complemented withBMSCC is an electric apparatus “system.”

To better understand self-commutation means found in BMSCC art forpractical control and operation of electric apparatus and the completionof the electric apparatus “system”, a description of the issued“Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine” patents of thispatentee will follow.

FIG. 1 shows a simple electrical schematic representation of a seriesconnected circuit topology that is the only means available topotentially overcome the Achilles' heel of a Wound-Rotor [Synchronous]Electric Machine System and as a result, the potential realization of aBrushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Electric Machine System that isbrushless and stable at any speed. As a simple electricalrepresentation, the schematic makes no attempt to show the BrushlessWound-Rotor [Synchronous] Electric Machine System in physical detail orreal life application. The schematic is divided into quadrants. The verytop quadrant, which is labeled the Power Generator Motor or PGM 1,includes the PGM stator active winding set portion 11 of the StatorAssembly 4 and the PGM rotor active winding set portion 10 of the RotorAssembly 3, which are separated by an air gap 17 to allow relativemovement. The PGM is the actual wound-rotor doubly-fed electromechanicalconverter or torque producing electric machine entity and operates atthe low line frequency (i.e., 60 Hz, etc.). The very bottom quadrantlabeled the Rotor Excitation Generator or REG 2 includes the REG statorwinding 12 and electronic portion 9 & 6 of the Stator Assembly 4, theREG rotor winding 13 and electronic portion 8 & 7 of the Rotor Assembly3, and other associated components of the REG, such as the SwitchSynchronizer 7, the Rotor Synchronous Modulator/Demodulator (i.e.,Modem) 8, the Stator Synchronous Modulator/Demodulator (i.e., Modem) 9and the Controller Processor 6. Note: The Rotor Synchronous Modems 8shows three switch groups S4, S5, S6, which is one switch group perphase of the three phase circuit topology example, and the StatorSynchronous Modems 9 shows three switch groups S1, S2, and S3, which isone switch group per phase of the three phase circuit topology example.

A Synchronous Modem is any circuit that converts (modulates) an originalwaveform to a carrier frequency waveform with the original waveform asthe modulation envelop on top of the carrier frequency (or visa versafor demodulation) by synchronously gating (or switching) thebi-directional flow of electrical current (or voltage) at the carrierfrequency. It is reasonable to assume Synchronous Modems will occur inpairs, since a modulated signal medium is generally demodulated (orvisa-versa). Only this disclosure recognizes “chopping” is synonymouswith gating (or switching) the power and “AC Choppers” is synonymouswith Synchronous Modem.

The REG is a unique means to propagate electrical excitation to the PGMrotor winding set in accordance with synchronous operation and withoutelectromechanical contact of any kind (i.e., brushless). Together, theREG stator winding set 12 and rotor winding set 13 make up themultiphase High Frequency Rotating (or Moving) Transformer (HFRT) 14.The far right side quadrant labeled the Stator Assembly 4 includes thestator body portions of both the PGM and REG and associated components.The far left quadrant labeled the Rotor Assembly 3 includes the rotorbody portions of both the PGM and REG, which are physically attached andas a result, move with the same speed and position relative to theStator Assembly 4. As shown in the schematic, the PGM is a Doubly-FedWound-Rotor Synchronous Electric Machine because it has an ActiveWinding Set 10 on its Rotor Assembly 3 and an Active Winding Set 11 onits Stator Assembly 4. An active winding set actively participates inthe energy conversion process and could be considered an armaturewinding set. Following standard electric machine concepts, the statorwinding set of the PGM 11 could be replaced with a DC Passive WindingSet or Permanent Magnet assembly. Further, the PGM with a compatible REGcould be a linear electric machine with moving bodies rather thanrotating bodies.

FIG. 2 describes the electrical signal flow through the PGM for a singleAlternating Current (AC) Phase that is accompanied with electricalrelationships as a result of electric machine analysis, theory, andempirical verification. The same analysis holds for each of any other ACPhase signals of the multiphase AC port in accordance with theirrelative phase relationship.

The electrical signal flow analysis through the PGM 1 (very top quadrant1 of FIG. 4) can be analyzed by cross referencing the circled numbers 15in FIG. 4 with the circled numbers 15 shown in FIG. 2, starting with(Circled 9) 15 and ending with (Circled 6) 16. The stator AC phasesignal (Circled 9) 15, which is at frequency Ws, drives its respectivephase winding (Circled 8) of the PGM Stator Winding Set 11. Althoughseparated by an air-gap 17, the Stator and Rotor winding sets are inappropriate proximity for electromagnetic coupling. It follows that thePGM functions as a rotating transformer as well as its primary function,which is an electromechanical energy converter, because of the high airgap Flux Density and mutual inductance, which is due to its lowfrequency of operation. As a result, the electrical signal(s) on the PGMstator winding set 11 (Circled 8) are induced onto the PGM rotor windingset 10 (Circled 7) with a change in electrical phase angle determined bythe mechanical movement of the rotor winding set 10 relative to thestator winding set 11. The electrical frequency of the resulting signal16 (Circled 6) on the rotor winding set 10 has a mechanical phase, α,and speed, W_(M), component associated with it. To appropriately excitethe rotor winding set 10 of the PGM by the REG for synchronousoperation, the moving body excitation signal 16 (Circled 6) developed bythe REG and the PGM must follow the same dynamic relationship as justdiscussed.

FIG. 3 describes the electrical signal flow through the REG of a singleAlternating Current (AC) Phase that is accompanied with electricalrelationships as a result of electric machine analysis, theory, andempirical verification. The same analysis holds for each of any other ACPhase signals of the multiphase AC port in accordance with theirrelative phase relationship.

The electrical signal flow analysis through the REG 2 (very bottomquadrant 2 of FIG. 5) can be analyzed by associating the circled numbers5 in FIG. 5 with the circled numbers 5 shown in FIG. 3, starting with(Circled 1) 5 and ending with (Circled 6) 16. Initially, the REG chops(or gates) each phase of the multiphase AC port signal 5 (Circled 1)independently by an AC chopper circuit (Synchronous Modem) with anoperating frequency (or carrier frequency) that is at least an ordermagnitude higher than the AC or DC modulation envelop frequency (i.e.,kHz versus tens of Hz). The chopped signal (Circled 2) is an unbiasedmodulated signal and as a result, each symmetrically bipolar transitionthrough the crossing of the zero current or voltage level of the chopper(or carrier) frequency shows virtually no DC bias (i.e., unbiasedmodulation). As previously mentioned, the Synchronous Modem on thestator (and rotor) is essentially an arrangement of bi-directional ACpower switches that symmetrically oscillates the current flow (or power)through the HFRT by gating the circuit of electrical power switches at arate that is synchronous to the carrier frequency of the modulation.This modulated carrier frequency signal (Circled 2) drives itsrespective phase winding (Circled 3) of the HFRT Stator Winding Set. Themodulation envelope of the resulting induced phase signal on the rotorbody (Circled 4) includes a speed and position component associated withthe mechanical movement of the rotor winding set in relation to thestator winding set. This modulated carrier frequency signal (4) passesthrough the rotor Synchronous Modem (Circled 5). Since the Rotor andStator Synchronous Modems gate synchronously with the carrier frequency,the signals are synchronously demodulated, resulting in only themodulation envelope 16 (Circled 6) remaining. Since the rotor andassociated multiphase winding set of the HFRT are attached to the rotorand associated winding set of the PGM, both move at the same speed orposition and experience the same electromagnetic and mechanicaldynamics. As a result, the demodulated envelop of the REG signals 16(Circled 6) shown in FIG. 3 has the same electrical frequency and waverelation as the PGM signals 16 (Circled 6) shown in FIG. 2 regardless ofspeed. It follows the REG signals 16 (Circled 6) shown in FIG. 3 can bedirectly applied as excitation to the respective phase winding of thePGM 16 (Circled 6) shown in FIG. 1 for speed-synchronized excitation.Each of the other phases will experience the same result in accordancewith its appropriate phase shift.

As shown in FIG. 1, the REG, which is virtually unknown to electricmachine experts and engineers, brings together a combination ofpreliminary requirements for stable and brushless Self-Commutationcontrol of the Wound-Rotor Synchronous Doubly-Fed Electric Machine thathas continued to elude electric machine experts as is constantlyreminded by past, present, and ongoing doubly-fed electric machinesresearch. The preliminary requirements are: 1) “Self-Commutation” or theinherent and instantaneous translation of multiphase AC signals with anyexcitation frequency to a speed-synchronized multiphase AC signal thatis without any process disrupting steps associated with“Non-Self-Commutation” or derivatives of Field Oriented Control (FOC).In contrast, Non-Self-Commutation continually intervenes the process toelectronically measure and compute the “speed variant” to “speedinvariant” transformation” and again, to electronically “synthesize” thespeed-synchronized excitation waveform; 2) the propagation of multiphaseelectrical power across the air-gap without electromechanical contact(i.e., brushless); 3) the even distribution of currents and voltagesover the entire excitation waveform; 4) the natural mitigation ofundesired disturbances; 5) the isolation of high frequency signals fromlow frequency components, such as the power source or the PGM windings;and 6) the inherent potential of soft switching (i.e., resonantswitching), which includes the possibility of adding capacitive orinductive reactance for conditioning the slope of the switching edges.

Note: As used herein, soft switching and resonant switching aresynonymous.

Inventions and New Art: The REG is the only Brushless MultiphaseElectromagnetic Self-Commutation (or MESC) means available. It operatesin a similar fashion to the only other example of true Self-Commutation,which is the “electro-mechanical” self-commutated DC (or AC Universal)electric machine. As a result, the REG will naturally accelerate therotating body of the PGM to its mechanical limit when electricallyexcited with AC of virtually any frequency, including DC or zerofrequency. Only after years of research, development, and prototypingbeyond the issued “Electric Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine”patents of this patentee, this patentee realized that the REG neededother inventions with synergistic art for practical reality andheightened performance of the REG and the electric machine system, whichis now provided by the Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutated Control(BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows all embodiments and new art of this invention, which isreferred to as the Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controller(BMSCC) or similarly referred to as the Real Time Emulation Controller(RTEC) for convenience. Briefly, the new embodiments that are “peculiar”to BMSCC or RTEC are the Electric Apparatus 1, which is any type ofDoubly-Fed or Singly-Fed Electric Machine Entity, the MultiphaseElectromagnetic Self-Commutator 2 (or Electromagnetic Computer) that iseither a new embodiment of the Rotor Excitation Generator (REG) or aStationary Excitation Generator (SEG), depending on the category or typeof electric apparatus being excited, with the distinguishing ModulationControl Means 22 and Synergistic Art 23, which may be duplicated in someway on the primary 18 and secondary sides 19 of the BMSCC. The ElectricApparatus 1 is still referred to as PGM for convenience. Othercomplementary Inventions 43 conceived during years of research,development, and prototyping are the Dependent Inventions of BMSCC 44and Independent Inventions of BMSCC 45.

-   -   Note: The PGM (or Power Generator Motor) could be any “electric        apparatus” that needs conditioned multiphase speed-synchronized        electrical power and does not necessarily have to be only        electric machines (i.e., electric motors or generators).

The REG and SEG consist of the Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (or PDF-HFT) 21, which is embodied in the REG, or thePDF-HFT complemented with a Position Independent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) 21, which is embodied inthe SEG, the Primary 9 and Secondary 8 Synchronous Modems, which arerepresented by an array of switch symbols having only symbolicrelationship to any actual power switch circuit, and the integralPrimary 6 and Secondary 7 Controller means.

The culmination of distinguishing art that is “peculiar” to RTEC orBMSCC includes new Modulation Means 22 and Synergistic Art 23 on thestationary side 18 or the rotational (or moving) side 19 or both sides.The Wireless Communication Means (WCM) 20, the Magnetizing CurrentGenerator (or MCG) 24 for implementing Compensated Time OffsetModulation (or CTOM) 25, Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (or CPDM)26, any combination of CTOM or CPDM 27 and High Frequency MagneticEnergy Sharing (HFMES) means 28, the Simultaneous Mechanical AdjustmentControl (SMAC) 29, the Environmental Stress Immunity Means (ESIM) 30,the Basic Three Step Process Control Means (BTPCM) 31, the RTEC (orBMSCC) Synchronization Means (RSM) 32, the Capture, Control, Command,and Communication Processor (CCCC) 33, the Speed/Position ResolvingMeans (SPRM) 34, and the Soft Switching Compensation Means 35.

Other new Dependent Inventions 44 of the complementary inventions 43discovered during the research, development, and prototyping of RTEC orBMSCC, which depend on RTEC or BMSCC are: Any Singly-Fed or Doubly-FedElectric Machine System that uses RTEC or BMSCC 36, Variable SpeedConstant Frequency (or VSCF) Wind Turbine (or any Prime Mover such asRenewable Energy) that uses RTEC or BMSCC 37, any Electric Vehicle (EV)Power Train with RTEC or BMSCC 38, and Stationary or Rotary Phase orFrequency Converter, or Pole-Pair Emulator Converters based on BMSCC 39.Any Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed Electric Machine that uses RTEC (or BMSCC)36 would include electric generators, electric motors, superconductorelectric machines, rotary converters, Pole-Pair Emulator, etc., that useRTEC (or BMSCC) technology.

Other new Independent Inventions 45 of the complementary inventions 43discovered during the research, development, and prototyping of RTEC orBMSCC: Any EV power train with High Frequency Power Distribution Means(HFPDM) 40, which may or may not include BMSCC (or RTEC), any EV withDual Electric Machines Power Assistive Steering (DEMPSA) 41, which mayor may not include BMSCC, and any VSCF Wind Turbine with the EnhancedTransmission Means (or E™) 42, which may or may not include BMSCC.

-   -   Note: It should be understood that electronic and electrical        circuit arrangements and configurations, electronic and        electrical component arrangements and configurations, winding        arrangements and configurations, mechanical arrangements and        configurations, manufacturing and construction techniques, and        new material and science for implementing all embodiments of        means, synergistic art, and inventions for BMSCC (or RTEC) are        numerous in nature and cannot change the essence of this        invention. Since there is no prior art of BMSCC, all up-to-date        or new science or art of said arrangements and configurations        can only be an extension of said means, synergistic art, and        invention of BMSCC.

REG Art: See the Rotor Excitation Generator or Stationary (Static)Excitation Generator 2 of FIG. 6. A first new embodiment of the RotorExcitation Generator (REG) comprises Synchronous Modems situated on theprimary side (i.e., stationary side) 5 and secondary side (i.e.,rotating (moving) side) 8 of a Position Dependent Flux High FrequencyTransformer (PDF-HFT) 21 and incorporates new Modulation Control Means22 and new Synergistic Art 23 of Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) orBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC). Under this newembodiment, the REG may have at least one junction of movement 17, if anair gap junction is incorporated into the PDF-HFT for free movementbetween the primary or secondary side of the PDF-HFT (or REG) withassociated components. If the REG is allowed to rotate or move with themovement of the electric apparatus, an angular velocity (speed) andphase waveform component is inherently and instantaneously establishedon to the modulation envelop of the electrical phase signals of thesecondary side terminals in accordance to the relative movement orposition as viewed from the primary side terminals of the REG includingany fabricated waveform component established on the primary sidesignals as a result of BMSCC Modulation Control Means and SynergisticArt. As an example with this embodiment, the REG brushlessly deliversspeed and phase synchronized excitation signals with any number ofphases automatically from “Stationary-Side” to the “Moving-Side”, whichare signals ideally suited for exciting rotating (or moving) activewinding sets of electric machines with excitation waveforms that aresynchronized to the speed of the REG shaft, such as for exciting therotating (or moving) active winding sets of a Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine.

In another embodiment, an REG is not allowed to rotate or move with themovement of the electric apparatus and the PDF-HFRT may be without anair gap junction. In this embodiment any additional waveform componentis re-fabricated waveform components as a result of BMSCC ModulationControl Means and Synergistic Art sharing the oscillating magneticenergy between phase windings of the PDF-HFRT.

SEG Art: See the Rotor Excitation Generator or Stationary (Static)Excitation Generator 2 of FIG. 6. A second new embodiment of the RotorExcitation Generator (REG) is more appropriately referred to as theStationary (or Static) Excitation Generator (or SEG). The Stationary(Static) Excitation Generator (SEG) comprises a Position Dependent FluxHigh Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) 21 and a Position Independent FluxHigh Frequency Transformer (PIF-HFT) 21. The number of secondary phasewindings of the PDF-HFT equal the number of secondary phase windings ofthe PIF-HFT. Each secondary phase winding of the PDF-HFT connect withone phase winding of the secondary windings of the PIF-HFT perhaps on aphase-to-phase basis and the entire combination is referred to as thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 21. The Stationary (Static) ExcitationGenerator (SEG) further comprises Synchronous Modems situated on theprimary sides 5 and secondary sides 8 of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination21 and incorporate the new Modulation Control Means 22 and SynergisticArt 23 of Real of Time Emulation Control (RTEC) or Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC). Under this new embodiment, the SEG mayhave at least two junctions of movement, if an air gap junction isincorporated in both the PDF-HFT and the PIF-HFT of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination for free movement between the primary and secondary sides ofthe PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. If the SEG is allowed to rotate (ormove) with the movement of the electric apparatus, an angular velocity(speed) and phase waveform component is inherently and instantaneouslyestablished on to the modulation envelop of the electrical phase signalsat the secondary side terminals of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination inaccordance to the relative movement or position as viewed from theprimary side terminals of the SEG including any fabricated waveformcomponent established on the primary side signals as a result of BMSCCModulation Control Means and Synergistic Art. As an example with thisembodiment, the SEG brushlessly delivers speed and phase synchronizedexcitation signals of any number of phases directly from“Stationary-Side” to the “Stationary-Side”, which is ideally suited forexciting stationary active winding sets with excitation waveforms thatare synchronized to the speed of the SEG shaft, such as exciting thestationary active winding set of all types of electric machines,including Permanent Magnet synchronous electric machines, squirrel cageinduction electric machines, Reluctance electric machines, so-calledInduction Doubly-Fed Electric Machines, and all other Singly-Fedelectric machines. For instance, if the SEG is exciting an inductionmachine, the input frequency to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFRT Combination may bethe desired slip frequency and if the SEG is exciting a DC machine, theinput frequency to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFRT Combination may be DC.

-   -   Note: It should be understood that any new embodiment or art as        a result of RTEC (or BMSCC) is adaptable to both the REG and        SEG. Further, the REG and SEG can support DC electrical power        sources, single phase AC electrical power sources, or multiphase        AC electrical power sources. As used herein, REG and SEG are        interchangeable terms, since the distinguishing difference        between the REG and SEG is the PIF-HFT component of the        PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 21, as described.

PDF-HFT Art: See the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 21 of FIG.6. The Position “Dependent” High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) isdesigned to change, re-distribute, or share the magnetic flux energybetween all phase windings on opposite sides (i.e., the primary side andthe secondary side) as a function of movement or position. To allownon-obstructive movement (or positioning), the primary and secondarysides would be separated by at least one air gap. Also, an air gap maybe incorporated to more evenly distribute the flux density throughoutthe core of the transformer. While re-distributing the high frequencymagnetic flux energy in the core of the PDF-HFT as a result of movement(or positioning), the PDF-HFT automatically and instantaneously inducesthe angular velocity (speed) and phase (position) component of themovement onto any excitation signal waveform at its winding terminalswhile propagating electrical power across its air gap. Therefore, thewinding sets of the PDF-HFT with any number of phase windings arephysically arranged about the air gap area so any relative movement (orpositioning) between the Primary (or stationary) and secondary (ormoving) sides will vary the state of the magnetic flux cutting the phasewinding sets, such as varying the physical area (or length) of themagnetic path cutting the phase winding sets. One way to accomplish thisis to evenly distribute (or balance) and overlap each of the AC phasewindings according to phase angle along a plane that is perpendicular tothe magnetic path. This is a similar action experienced by electricmachines (or the PGM) and as a result, the PDF-HFT follows the sameoperating principles as described for the PGM or HFRT as a result ofmovement or positioning between the primary and secondary phasewindings. Any signal seen on the rotation (or moving) side of thePDF-HFT will include a mechanical speed and phase component asreferenced to any signal waveform on the stationary side (or visa-versa)with a step-up, step-down, or neutral magnitude multiplication as aresult of the winding-turns ratio (transformer ratio). The flux path ofthe PDF-HFT can be a radial magnetic field path (cylindrical formfactor) or an axial magnetic field path (pancake or hockey puck formfactor) as referenced to the axis of rotation (or movement) of the shaftor even a transverse flux path design. The PDF-HFT can be symmetricalwith the same numbers of phase windings between the rotor and statorsides or asymmetrically with a different numbers of phase windingsbetween the rotor and stator sides. The PDF-HFT can be designed forlinear movement or rotational movement because the same electromagnetictheory applies.

FIG. 10 shows one embodiment of the PDF-HFT in 3-dimensions 9 d with anisometric equivalency 10 d. This embodiment of the PDF-HFT includes anair gap 2 d for non-obstructive rotation (or movement) about its annulusand for even distribution of the flux density. It is an axial fluxdesign (or pancake form factor) because the flux direction 6 d isperpendicular to the face (as shown) or parallel to the axis of rotation(or annulus 11 d). One half of the PDF-HFT core 1 d has radial windingslots 7 d, 3 d, 8 d on its face filled with a crude representation ofalmost one winding-turn 4 d of one phase with two pole-pairs. Inactuality, there may be more turns per pole or more pole-pairs.Additional phases may include separately excited windings that meet thephase criteria. For this specific example, each of the three windings ofa 3-Phase PDF-HFT would be spaced 120 degrees apart or the phase winding4 d as shown would be rotated by one slot for each of the other phasewindings. Therefore, Phase-1 winding may start at slot 7 d (as shown),Phase-2 winding may be a duplicate of Phase-1 winding but may start atslot 8 d, and phase 3 winding may be a duplicate of Phase-1 winding butmay start at slot 3 d. The magnetic flux 6 d flows through the air gap 2d in an axial direction or parallel to the axis of rotation (andperpendicular to the plane of the overlapped phase windings) and thisembodiment would be considered a pancake or axial flux core design. Twolike pancake winding cores 1 d and 5 d are placed face to face inproximity to each other separated by an air gap 2 d as shown in theisometric drawing. It should be understood that any relative movementbetween 1 d and 5 d changes the flux path area through the magneticpoles of each of the phase windings, since the plane of the overlappingphase windings is perpendicular to the flux path. Magnetic pole-pairs ofthe windings are included in the air gap area dynamics of the PDF-HFT,because magnetic pole-pairs occur along the air gap area or in the caseof the pancake design, the windings (and pole-pairs) are overlapped on aplane that is perpendicular to the magnetic flux path and as a result,the magnetic flux area changes with movement; hence, the positiondependent flux high frequency rotating transformer.

In general, the form factor, pole-pair count, and phase number of thewinding sets on each side of the PDF-HFT should be similar to therespective form factor, pole-pair count, and phase number as on theexcited electric machine (or PGM) in order to “emulate” the respectiveexcitation waveforms supplied to the PGM by the BMSCC system, regardlessof speed. More importantly, the only constraint on the windingarrangement and form factor and excitation of the PDF-HFT is to deliversignals at the moving body with modulated waveforms that duplicate themodulation envelops or “emulate” the form and frequency of the magneticfield or excitation signals expected by the PGM for synchronousoperation or electric apparatus.

The PDF-HFT can have any ratio between the number of winding-turns onthe secondary (rotor or moving body) and primary (stator body) accordingto design, such as any step-up, step-down ratio, including neutralratio. Since the PDF-HFT is designed for much higher frequencies ofoperation, the number of winding turns and the air gap area of thePDF-HFT would meet the operational requirements of the high frequencycarrier and as a result, air gap area and winding turns would bedifferent from the emulated PGM.

Since a linear (moving) electric machine follows the sameelectromagnetic principles as a rotating electric machine with a similarwinding arrangement unrolled or laid out in a linear fashion, thePDF-HFT (or BMSCC system) can support both linear and rotating electricmachines by designing to linear or rotating form-factors.

The PDF-HFT could be a balanced phase winding electrical device with thephase windings on the stationary or primary side arranged in accordancewith the phase offset (or phase angle) of the AC multiphase signal(i.e., 120 degrees apart for 3-Phase AC) with the magnetic signaturebetween phase windings equal (i.e., the same winding-turns, the samemagnetic path, etc). Under this configuration, any imbalance betweenphase windings, which is a natural reality, may be overcome byindividually adjusting the current through the windings by the BMSCC tocompensate for the imbalance.

PIF-HFT Art: See the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 21 of FIG.6. In contrast to the PDF-HFT, the Position “Independent” Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PIF-HFT) does not change, re-distribute, or shareany magnetic flux energy between unlike phase windings on the primaryand secondary sides, even in accordance with position or movement, whichis a dissimilar action experienced on the PGM (or PDF-HFT). The PIF-HFTwill only couple magnetic flux energy between primary (stationary) andsecondary (moving) windings of the same phase in accordance to windingturns-ratios. An air gap junction may be incorporated for free movementbetween the primary and secondary sides of the PIF-HFT or for evendistribution of flux. For example, a 3-Phase PIF-HFT is essentiallythree independent transformers integrated into the same body and as aresult, PIF-HFT does not induce any angular velocity (speed) and phasewaveform component onto any excitation signal at its winding terminalswhile propagating electrical power across its air gap. Further, varyingthe current through any phase winding primary and secondary pair willnot affect the current through the other phase windings. Therefore, thewinding sets of the PIF-HFT with any number of phases are physicallyarranged about the air gap area so any relative movement between thestationary and moving bodies on each side of the air gap will not varythe magnetic flux path cutting the winding sets. One way to accomplishthis is to position the phase windings so the phase winding from unlikephase windings are isolated from each other by not overlapping oroccupying the same area along a plane that is perpendicular to the fluxpath. Consequently, the number of pole-pairs and other position ormovement dependent behavior peculiar to the PDF-HFT (and PGM) are notassociated with the PIF-HFT. Any signal seen on the stationary side ofthe PIF-HFT should be similar to any signal seen on the moving side (orvisa-versa) regardless of mechanical movement but with a step-up,step-down, or neutral magnitude multiplication as a result of thewinding-turns ratio (transformer ratio). The flux path of the PIF-HFTcan be radial magnetic field form factor (cylindrical) or axial magneticfield form factor (pancake) or even a transverse flux path design. ThePIF-HFT must have the same number of phases on the moving and stationarysides and cannot be asymmetrically, since there is no magnetic couplingbetween phase windings of unlike phases. To minimize or alleviateinductive cross-talk between PIF-HFT phase winding sets, there may be anair-gap (or high reluctance) means separating each phase winding pair oflike phases. The PIF-HFT can be linear (moving) or rotating because thesame electromagnetic theory applies.

FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of the PIF-HFT in 3-dimensions 9 e with anisometric equivalency 10 e. Again the 3-dimensioned FIG. 11, which isone-half the PIF-HFT core, shows a pancake style of the PIF-HFT becausethe flux 6 e flows through the air gap 2 e in an axial direction orparallel to the axis of rotation (or annulus 11 e). Phase Winding slots3 e, 4 e, and 5 e for the 3-Phase PIF-HFT are ring winding slots on theface of the one-half core and are symmetrically spaced around the axisof rotation. The two cores 1 e and 7 e are placed face to face as shownin the isometric view 10 e, separated by the air gap 2 e. The magnitudeof the flux path between the two cores 1 e and 7 e does not change as aresult of rotation (or movement). Further, the same flux path ismaintained between the same primary and secondary phase winding pair,regardless of movement. Unlike the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT has no conceptof winding magnetic pole pair because the air gap dimensions of thePIF-HFT does not change in accordance with movement. The number ofwinding-turns or the air gap area between phases may be designeddifferently to mitigate anomalies associated with the differentdiameters of the circular phase winding arrangements.

Unlike the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT is not a balanced phase winding devicebecause each “coupled” phase winding set on the stationary or primaryside is mutually exclusive from any other coupled phase winding set.Regardless, the magnetic signature between any “coupled” phase windingset should be equal (i.e., the same winding-turns, the same magneticpath, etc). Any imbalance between coupled phase winding sets, such asdue to construction reality, may be overcome by individually adjustingthe current through the windings by any combination of CTOM or CPDM.

The PDF-HFT and PIF-HFT Combination Art (PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination)See the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination 21 of FIG. 6. Thecombination of the PDF-HFRT and PIF-HFT, which is a functionalingredient of the SEG, requires both the PDF-HFT and PIF-HFTtransformers to have the same number of phase winding sets on thesecondary bodies, which are the rotating (or moving) bodies, because theelectrical terminals of the secondary phase winding sets are directlyconnected in accordance with the phase designation (i.e.,phase-to-phase). As a result, any mechanical speed, position, or phasewaveform component induced on the PDF-HFT secondary winding sets bypossible movement or positioning is propagated to the primary side ofthe PIF-HFT without change (with the exception of any wind-turns ratioamplification). Since the PIF-HFT can only be phase symmetrical, thenumber of phases on the primary side of the PIF-HFT is equal to thenumber of phase windings on the secondary side of the PIF-HFT, which isequal to the number of phase windings on the secondary side of thePDF-HFT. However, the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination can be phasesymmetrical or phase asymmetrical as a result of the PDF-HFT.

-   -   Note: As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT equally applies to        the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, unless explicitly noted        otherwise.    -   Note: As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT, PIF-HFT, or        electric machine, the secondary side refers to the potentially        moving (or rotating) side and the primary side refers to the        non-moving side.    -   Note: As used herein any reference to PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT        Combination, the primary side of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination        is the primary side of the PDF-HFT and the secondary side of the        PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination is the primary side of the PIF-HFT.        However it should be understood that by interchanging the        placement of the PDF-HFT and PIF-HFT relative to each other, the        primary side of the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination could be the        primary side of the PIF-HFT and the secondary side of the        PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination could be the primary side of the        PDF-HFT.

Winding Form-Factor Art: The Winding Form-Factor determines the windingslot arrangement, the placement of the windings, etc., and as a result,the Winding Form-Factor determines the current density and the effectivecore flux density of the magnetic core of the electric machine entity(i.e., the PGM), the PDF-HFT, or the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. Thereare many variations of winding form-factors in the industry. WindingForm-Factors, which have been used in the past, have been reconsiderednew inventions or art for specific types of electric machines. Becauseany RTEC or BMSCC controlled electric machine is unknown to electricmachine experts or engineers, this invention will incorporate anyimproved Winding Form-Factors that are relevant to the design of thePDF-HFT, the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, or the PGM controlled by BMSCCand will consider these means as new BMSCC or RTEC invention or art.

Magnetic Techniques Art: It has been discussed that all electricmachines have at least one Active Winding Set. With two active windingsets being the maximum allowed without electric machine categoryduplication, the sum of the active winding sets determines the powercapacity (i.e., rating) of the electric machine. Consequently, thephysical size difference between any singly-fed electric machine with agiven voltage and air gap flux density is predominantly determined bythe manufacturing, construction, winding form-factor, or magnetic coreand conductive material incorporated and less determined by the type ofsingly-fed electric machine, such as reluctance, asynchronous, orsynchronous, as some electric machine experts may suggest. This is truefor Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machines as well but Wound-RotorDoubly-fed Electric Machines already have double the power outputadvantage compared to Singly-fed Electric Machines because itincorporates two independent active winding sets in virtually the samecore volume. Because any RTEC or BMSCC controlled electric machine isunknown to electric machine experts or engineers, this invention willincorporate any manufacturing, construction, or magnetic core materialtechniques that improve the performance of the PDF-HFT, thePDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, or the PGM controlled by BMSCC andconsiders these techniques as new BMSCC or RTEC invention.

Modulation Art: See Modulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC block 22of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG.6. All conventional Electronic Controllers of Electric Machines modulatethe gating of an array of power switches to synthesize the frequency ofelectrical excitation at the winding terminals (port) of the electricmachine, which is a function of speed and position of the electricmachine shaft (i.e., the synchronous speed relation), and forcontrolling the power quality and quantity of the electrical excitationat the electrical terminals of the electric machine. Modulationtechniques used by conventional electronic controllers, such as PulseWidth Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Modulation, Phase Modulation, orFrequency Modulation, synthesize the waveform by directly driving theterminals of an electric machine with high frequency modulation whileadjusting the high frequency carrier signal, which is greater than onekHz, with a modulation bias (i.e., common mode) that is based on the lowfrequency required by the electric machine, which is less than 60 Hz. Bythe principles of PWM, Phase Modulation, Frequency Modulation, etc., forelectric machine control, the high frequency carrier signal isasymmetrical to the zero level base line and as a result, always containsome level of DC bias, which maintains the envelope average of the lowfrequency modulation. These modulation techniques were understood bythis patentee at the time to be appropriate modulation techniques forelectric machines and therefore, considered the modulation techniquesfor the Rotating Apparatus and Electric Machine patent numbers (U.S.Pat. No. 4,459,530, U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,950, U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,255,and U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,268). It was learned after years of research,development, and prototyping by this patentee, conventional modulationtechniques are inherently incompatible with the electrical powertransfer requirements of Real Time Emulation Control (or BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control), which is the only method thatcontrols the transfer of power to the ports of an electric machine by atleast controlling the power between the primary-secondary junction of aPosition Dependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (i.e. the PDF-HFT).Signals with any level of DC bias, such as those synthesized by PulseWidth Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Modulation, Phase Modulation, orFrequency Modulation for electric machine control, are incompatible withconditioning power propagated through a high frequency transformer, suchas the PDF-HFT. The modulation techniques about to be discussed are theresults of proprietary research, development, and prototyping by thisinventor and cannot be obvious to electric machine control experts orengineers.

FIG. 15 shows at least two circuit topologies for implementing theModulation Art. The circuit topologies illustrate only one phase of thehigh frequency transformer for simplicity. One circuit topology is aPush-Pull 1 i arrangement of bi-directional switches (S1, S2, S3, & S4)5 i connected to and in series with the secondary and primary windingsof one phase of the high frequency transformer 3 i, which iscentered-tapped 4 i. Another circuit topology is a Full Bridge 2 iarrangement of bi-directional switches (S1A, S1B, S2A, S2B, S3A, S3B,S4A, & S4B) 8 i connected to and in series with the secondary andprimary windings of one phase of the high frequency transformer 7 i.Upon realizing manipulation of the magnetic energy in the high frequencytransformer by synchronously modulating the switches is an essentialingredient of this invention, the high frequency transformer is anessential component of any circuit topology of this invention and as aresult, there are many other circuit topologies or circuit arrangementsfor this invention as long as the transformer is a critically essentialcomponent. The Push-Pull circuit topology 1 i toggles the switchingbetween S1 and S2 (and likewise, between S3 and S4) for bi-symmetricalcurrent flow through the windings, which is essential to avoidtransformer saturation and the termination of transformer operation.Capacitors (C1, C2, C3, & C4) 6 i can be optionally added to supplementthe junction capacitance of the switches in order to slow the rise timeof the voltage or current during switching and for soft (i.e., resonant)switching. The Full Bridge circuit topology 2 i toggles the primary sideswitches (S1A, S1B, S2A, & S2B) or secondary switches (S3A, S3B, S4A, &S4B) 8 i in pairs (i.e., pair S1A and S2A closed with pair S1B and S2Bopened or vice versa and likewise, pair S3A and S4A closed with pair S3Band S4B opened or vice versa) for bi-symmetrical current flow throughthe windings. Capacitors (C1A, C2A, C3A, C4A, C1B, C2B, C3B, & C4B) 9 ican be optionally added to supplement the junction capacitance of theswitches (S1A, S2A, S3A, S4A, S1B, S2B, S3B, & S4B) 8 i in order to slowthe rise time of the voltages or currents during switching or forresonant switching. For instance, slowing the rise and fall times of theswitching edges will mitigate stress on the components, as well as allowcompensation time for switch open and close delays while simultaneouslyallowing the switch junction voltage (or current) to pass through zerofor soft opening or closing of the switches. There are many otherpossible arrangements of capacitors and inductors in the circuit toaccomplish the same or for filtering. One characteristic that stands outwith these circuits is the currents circulate (i.e. “circulatingcurrents”) within the series circuit of switches, optional switchjunction capacitors, and the high frequency transformer with very littlehigh frequency escaping to the primary or secondary side ports. This cangreatly decrease the size or need for filter devices, such as additionalcapacitors and inductors, on the primary or secondary sides to reducestray harmonics propagated to the load or the power supply.

Transformers support two components of current, magnetizing current,which produces flux in the core of the transformer and the voltageacross the port of the transformer, and load current, which produces noflux in the core due to the coupling action (i.e., mutual inductance) ofthe transformer. Magnetizing currents are designed to be substantiallyless than load currents. The term circulating currents used in thisdisclosure are magnetizing currents because when any set of switches oneither side of the transformer is opened, the load current thatoriginally flowed through the switch and complementary transformer phasewinding ceases to exist in upon reaching steady state. To keep the fluxin the transformer at steady-state, the change in load current(s) may becompensated by currents through the other switches (and phase windings);otherwise, only the transformer magnetizing current will flow, currentwill cease to exist, or the transformer will saturate and cease toexist. As a result, the judicial on-off timing (i.e.,modulation-demodulation) of the switches (as will be discussed) usesthis principle to transfer magnetic energy between the primary andsecondary side of the transformer.

It should be understood that BMSCC (or RTEC) is the only technology thatintegrates a balanced phase winding Position Dependent Flux HighFrequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination as anintegral component of its modulation control means of an electricmachine or apparatus. The PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT transfers highpower energy across the air gap with the potential of an automatic speedor position frequency component (i.e., self-commutation), although thePDF-HFT could be held at standstill too. In accordance with this uniquearchitecture, BMSCC (or RTEC) incorporates two complementary componentsfor modulation control of high frequency, high power transfer thatdifferentiates BMSCC (or RTEC) from all other electric machine control.The first component is the “Initial Setup and Control of the MagnetizingCurrent”, which controls the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT Combination flux(or air gap flux density) and port voltage in accordance with Faraday'sLaw. The second component, which occurs after the first component, isthe “Power Transfer Control” component, which controls the actualtransfer of high power across the air gap of the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT Combination to the electric machine or electricapparatus being controlled by using an energy (or power) packet transfermethod. Once steady-state is achieved in the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFTCombination by the first component (i.e., the Initial Setup and Controlof the Magnetizing Current), the second component will replenish anypower (or current) removed from one electrical port of the transformerby power (or current) entering the opposite port of the transformer (orvisa-versa) to keep the oscillating magnetic field in air gap of thetransformer at its steady-state condition. No other electric machineuses this two component control technique because no other electricmachine controller uses a PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) asdescribed.

Unlike Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Modulation, PhaseModulation, or Frequency Modulation techniques for electric machinecontrol, the high frequency modulation technology of BMSCC isolate thehigh frequency components within the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT, whichis designed for high frequency operation, and produce waveforms withvirtually no harmonic content. As a result, BMSCC never subject thewindings of the electric apparatus under control or the electrical powergrid to high frequency content, which is detrimental to bearing andwinding insulation life and cause high core and electrical loss.

Magnetizing Current Generator (MCG) Means: See Magnetizing CurrentGenerator (MCG) block 24 of the Modulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC orRTEC 22 of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18of FIG. 6. The “Initial Setup and Control of the Magnetizing CurrentComponent” of the BMSCC is referred to as the Magnetizing CurrentGenerator (MCG) means. The MCG establishes the steady-state oscillatingmagnetic field in the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) tosatisfy the baseline design constraints of the PDF-HFT in accordancewith Faraday's Law, such as the base-line frequency and air gap fluxdensity for the operational design range of the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT, by supplying an Magneto-Motive-Force (MMF) orMagnetizing Current in the winding set of the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT. According to Faraday's Law, the Magnetizing Current isalways 90 degrees lagging from the port voltage and contributes onlyimaginary power (or no real power) if electrical loss is neglected. Thefrequency of oscillation is significantly faster than the time base ofthe electric apparatus being driven, such as the PGM (i.e., 10 kHzversus 60 Hz). Without the setup of magnetizing current initiallyapplied by the MCG at a frequency that is appropriate for the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT-PIF-HFT design, any power transfer control technique would failor the PDF-HFT would be inoperable because of potential of coresaturation or heavy magnetizing current flow. Since the MCG showsimaginary power (disregarding loss), the MCG could be realized by aseparate low power modulation means for driving an auxiliary low powerwinding set(s) solely for the setup of the air gap flux, or it could beintegrated into any synchronous modem circuits or any switchingalgorithms for the second component (i.e., the “Power TransferControl”). The MCG is the flux (or voltage) controller of BMSCC and hasthe ability to adjust the frequency of the oscillating magnetic fieldwithin the design constraints of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination at any time for another level of control. An MCG can exciteany phase winding in any combination and on any side of the PDF-HFT.

CTOM-CPDM Combination Means: See the CTOM or CPDM or CTOM-CPDMCombination Blocks 27 of Modulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 22of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG.6. The “Power Transfer Control” component, which consists of newmodulation control techniques for transferring high power energy acrossthe air gap of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, areCompensated Transition Offset Modulation (CTOM), Compensated PulseDensity Modulation (CPDM), or any combination of CTOM or CPDM. Themodulation techniques are considered “Compensated” because the gatetiming of the Synchronous Modems is in “synchronous” time relationshipto the unbiased positive and negative transitions or the symmetricalbipolar transitions (i.e., no low frequency bias) of the steady-statehigh frequency oscillating magnetic fields pre-established in the airgap (or the Magnetizing Currents in the windings) of the PDF-HFT orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination by the MCG. For instance, if the gate timingof the synchronous modem on one side of the PDF-HFT adds power (energy)to the oscillating magnetic field, the gate timing of the synchronousmodem on the other side of the PDF-HFT must “compensate” for theadditional energy in the oscillating magnetic field by removing the sameamount of power (energy) from the oscillating magnetic field to preservethe steady-state condition of the oscillating magnetic fieldpre-established by the MCG.

As used herein, “compensated gating” refers to the act of gating orswitching of the electrical power in synchronism to any measurablederivative of the high frequency oscillating magnetic fieldpre-established by the MCG, such as the voltage transitions or thecycles of the high frequency oscillating magnetic field.

As used herein, “compensated gating dynamics” refers to dynamicallyadjusting at any time the “compensated gating” by any half-cycle or byany time offset relative to a cycle reference, such as a cycle edgetransition.

CTOM: See Compensated Transition Offset Timing Modulation (CTOM) block25 of the Modulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 22 of the PrimaryController 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. CTOM is amodulation means for conditioning electrical power that is peculiar toRTEC or BMSCC, which is transferring conditioned or re-fabricated highfrequency power between the primary and secondary side of a PositionDependent Flux High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination with a steady-state oscillating magnetic field that ispre-established by a MCG means producing symmetrical bipolar carriersignals (i.e., no DC bias) and with synchronous modems on opposite sidesfor gating power packets in relation to the pre-established oscillatingmagnetic field. CTOM controls the relative time offset between thegating (i.e., negative-packet-on and positive-packet-on) of thesynchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination in synchronous relationship to the oscillating magneticfield established by the MCG. With proper high frequency filtering orstrategic timing of the synchronous modem gating, virtually all the highfrequency components, such as the carrier frequency, are confined to thePDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination, which is designed for highfrequency operation, and as a result, leaving only the low frequencycomponents at the terminals of the REG (or SEG).

-   -   As used herein, negative-packet-on and positive-packet-on define        terms that may require a complicated process of turning-on and        turning-off an array of power switches (i.e., power        semiconductors) in order to produce a positive or negative        transfer of power (or current) packets. For instance, there may        be a delay between turning-off one set of power switches before        turning-on another set of power switches to avoid any short        circuit potential.    -   As used herein, the switching energy of any burst of high        frequency electrical signals as a result of relative AC chopper        gate timing control is stored in the oscillating magnetic field        of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) core and is        shareable between any Phase Winding assembled on the core of the        balance phase winding PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination).    -   As used herein, any discussion applying to the PDF-HFT equally        applies to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination (or visa-versa).

FIG. 7 shows the progression of signals through the REG (or SEG) on theprimary (stator) and secondary side (rotor) of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) as a result of CTOM. Any discussionapplying to the PDF-HFT equally applies to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination (or visa-versa). For this disclosure, AC Chopper, chopper,chop, etc. are synonymous with synchronous modem or synchronous modemoperation. The “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 a represents a singleinput signal to the electrical terminals on one side of the REG (orSEG), which may have many input signals. This signal could be an AC(i.e., sinusoidal) or DC waveform 5 a. The signal shown is actually aportion of a sinusoidal AC waveform with a zero crossing point 6 athrough the zero voltage or current frame 7 a. In comparison, a DCwaveform would be a constant level above or below the zero voltage orcurrent frame 7 a with no zero crossing point 6 a. The “Primary WindingSignal after the Primary AC Chopper” 2 a, which results from gating the“Input Signal before Chopper” 1 a with the synchronous modem, drives itsrespective phase winding on one side of the PDF-HFT (i.e., the primaryside). In this case, the Magnetizing Current Generator (MCG), whichactually establishes the high frequency signal, is an integral componentof the synchronous modem. The “Primary Winding Signal after the PrimaryAC Chopper” 2 a also depicts the magnetically induced signal on thesecondary side of the PDF-HFT but with different modulation amplitudeenvelop 11 a, which is in accordance to the relative speed and positionbetween opposing sides of the transformer and due to the transformerwinding-turns ratio. In addition, the “Primary Winding Signal After thePrimary AC Chopper” 2 a similarly represents the synchronism of the gatetiming signals controlling the primary synchronous modem to theoscillating magnetic field pre-established by the MCG and for this case,the gating of the synchronous modems is congruent with thepre-established oscillating magnetic field, which could indicate thatthe MCG is built into the primary synchronous modem. In electricalreality, the straight edges seen in FIG. 7 may be rounder and slower.The “Primary Winding Signal after the Primary AC Chopper” 2 a has anegative going transition 8 a and a positive going transition 9 a percarrier cycle (or period) 12 a that symmetrically pass through the zerovoltage or current 7 a at the chopping or carrier frequency. Thechopping frequency is much higher than the frequency of the AC or DCwaveform 5 a. The negative going transition 8 a and positive goingtransition 9 a per cycle (or period) similarly represents thenegative-packet-on transition 8 a or positive-packet-on transition 9 a,respectively, of the AC chopper circuit (i.e., synchronous modem) whileneglecting any time delays or other anomalies associated with thecircuit.

The amplitude levels 11 a (dotted lines) represent the variation of theAC chopper signal waveform in accordance with the modulation amplitudeenvelope over time, which is the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 5 a.By induction, the signal on the Secondary (or rotating) Winding of thePDF-HFT would be a similar signal as 2 a but with a different amplitudelevel 11 a due to the winding-turns ratio of the PDF-HFT, due to theamplitude levels 11 a on the primary side, or due to the degree ofmagnetic coupling as a result of the relative position between thestationary winding and the moving winding of the PDF-HFT. The degree ofmagnetic coupling, which is a function of relative speed (or mechanicalfrequency) and position between the stationary and moving windings ofthe PDF-HFT, would offset shift the waveform of the “Output Signal AfterAC Chopper” 23 a (after the secondary synchronous modem) according tothe speed and position by changing the amplitude levels 11 a.

The “Gating Signal of the Secondary AC Chopper (A)” 3 a represents thenegative-packet-on transition 13 a gating and positive-packet-ontransition 14 a gating of the AC chopper circuit (i.e., synchronousmodem) on the secondary (or moving) side of the PDF-HFT. The “GatingSignal (A) of the Secondary AC Chopper” 3 a is synchronized to thepotentially dynamic cycle period 12 a of the “Primary Winding Signalafter the AC Primary Chopper” 2 a for synchronous demodulation (orvisa-versa).

CTOM is a modulation technique where the relative time offset betweenany positive 9 a (or 14 a) or negative 8 a (or 13 a) “bipolar”transitions of the carrier frequency on the “same” side of the PDF-HFTis adjusted in any dynamic combination for gating. Likewise, CTOM is amodulation technique where the relative time offset between any positive(between 14 a and 9 a) or negative (between 13 a or 8 a) bipolartransitions of the carrier frequency between “opposite” sides of thePDF-HFT is adjusted in any dynamic combination for gating. CTOM wouldvary the relative gate timing between transitions 8 a (or 13 a) and 9 a(or 14 a) with respect to the period 12 a including in combination withthe changing period of 12 a as managed by the Magnetic Current Generator(MCG). During any dynamic transition change, the cycle period 12 abetween the synchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFT issynchronized regardless of timing dynamics of the transitions includingthe timing transitions between cycles. Said differently, CTOM is timeadjusting the gating in any combination between transitions on PrimaryWinding Signal After Primary AC Chopper 2 a or in any combinationbetween transitions on the Gating Signal (A or B) on The SecondaryChopper 3 a, 4 a or in any combination between the Primary WindingSignal After Primary AC Chopper 2 a transitions and the Gating Signal(A, B) of The Secondary Chopper 3 a, 4 a transitions. Further, thecombinational time offset adjustments could be fixed or dynamicallychanged during any cycle or during any other cycle, which is managed bythe MCG. Controlling the combinational adjustments is the result ofgating the “negative-packet-on transition” or “positive-packet-ontransition” of the synchronous modems at virtually the same time theadjustments are desired. The offset shift between transitions could bereferenced or controlled on the rotor (or moving) side, the stator side,or both sides as long as the cycle periods 12 a between the two sidesare synchronized, which means the cycle period 12 a of the synchronousmodems on either side of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination)must acclimate (i.e., phase lock) to the same period even with a dynamicchange in cycle period by the MCG. The primary and secondary sides aretiming symmetrical and either side can be the initiator or thecontroller of the timing dynamics. The timing dynamics could bereferenced or controlled on the rotor (i.e., secondary) side, the stator(i.e., primary) side, or both sides as long as the two sides aresynchronized.

As an example, the “Gating Signal (A) of the Secondary AC Chopper” 3 acould include a positive shift 15 a in gate timing as a result of CTOMor a negative shift 24 a as shown in the “Gating Signal (B) of theSecondary AC Chopper” 4 a, which would average (i.e., control) the powerweighting (or sampling) between primary and secondary synchronousmodems. For instance, the Power transfer direction through thesynchronous modem, which is represented by a current vector withdirection passing through a resistor 26 a and 27 a, would occur severaltimes over the period 12 a of the carrier signal and as a result, wouldvariably average the combined power levels depending on the degree ofoffset shift. Shifting the “Gating Signal (A) of The Secondary ACChopper” 3 a odd multiples of 180 degrees (or half cycles) relative tothe “Primary Winding Signal After Primary AC Chopper” signal 2 a wouldresult in an inverted (or negative) signal of the “Output Signal AfterAC Chopper” 23 a. This is crudely represented by the dotted AC or DCoutput waveform 20 a, which corresponding to the dotted waveform of the“Gating Signal (B) of The Secondary AC Chopper” signal 4 a. Likewise,the solid AC or DC output waveform 20 a of the “Output Signal After ACChopper” 23 a corresponds to the solid waveform of the “Gating Signal(A) of The Secondary AC Chopper” signal 3 a, which is shifted 180degrees (or half cycle) from the Gating Signal (B) of The Secondary ACChopper” signal 4 a. Similarly, shifting the “Gating Signal (A) of TheSecondary AC Chopper” 3 a even multiples of 180 degrees (or zerodegrees) or half cycles relative to the “Primary Winding Signal AfterPrimary AC Chopper” signal 2 a would result in a non-inverted (orpositive) “Output Signal After AC Chopper” 23 a (solid waveform).Shifting the “Gating Signal (A) of The Secondary AC Chopper” 3 a oddmultiples of 90 degrees (or quarter cycles) relative to the “PrimaryWinding Signal After Primary AC Chopper” signal 2 a (as is shown) wouldresult in no voltage or current because resulting oscillating power hasno average power. It should now be understood that varying the offsetshift other than 90 or 270 degrees would vary the voltage or currenttransfer amplitude and the polarity of the transfer. Overall, the result(with proper filtering) is the solid (or dotted) AC or DC outputWaveform 20 a as shown in the “Output Signal after AC Chopper” 23 a. Itshould also be understood that the “Output Signal after the AC Chopper”23 a would also include any mechanical shift or frequency (speed)between the rotor and stator winding sets of the PDF-HFT.

In keeping with the spirit of the preceding example, the positive ornegative gating shift per high frequency chopper period could vary inaccordance to the desired waveform (or the contrived or re-fabricatedwaveform) that is relative to the waveform of the Input Signal before ACChopper 1 a. Under this situation, the magnetic core energy would beshared between phases in order to produce or re-fabricate the desiredphase waveform envelop by CTOM, since the input of a particular phasewaveform being control (“Input Signal Before AC Chopper” 1 a) may haveno amplitude while the desired output waveform (“Output Signal After ACChopper” 23 a) may require a finite amplitude. In addition, the timeoffset between transitions would vary in a timely fashion according tothe amplitude of the desired waveform. Under this method of CTOM controlthe torque angle (or the power factor) could potentially be adjusted bysharing the magnetic energy in the core of the PDF-HFT as a result ofCTOM gating. Again, the mechanical speed would be an additionalcomponent in the resulting output waveform 23 a. The shift 22 arepresents the offset shift of the output waveform 23 a in relation tothe input waveform 1 a as a result of the mechanical speed/positionbetween the stationary and moving winding sets of the PDF-HFT or as aresult of modulating the gate timing shift (15 a, 24 a) by CTOM inaccordance to the desired (or contrived) waveform.

Understanding that Modulation is the beating of signals, a simpletrigonometry analysis will show how power can be controlled by CTOM. LetCos (Wt) represent the gate transition timing of the synchronous modemon one side of the PDF-HFT and Cos (Wt+φ) represent the gate transitiontiming of the synchronous modem on other side of the PDF-HFT. Bothtransition timings are out of phase by φ but operate at the samefrequency, W, and are therefore, synchronized. Further, the resultinghigh frequency carrier signal (i.e., power signal) has a low frequencymodulation envelope, Cos (W₆₀t) due to the AC phase signal (i.e., 60 Hzfor this example). Using simple trigonometry, the following results frombeating Cos (Wt) with Cos (Wt+φ) and again with Cos (W₆₀t):

${{{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}\left( {{Wt} + \phi} \right)}} \right\}} = {{{{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot \left\lbrack {{{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}(\phi)}} - {{{Sin}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}(\phi)}}} \right\rbrack} \right\}} = {{{{Cos}\left( {W_{0}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ \left\lbrack {{{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Cos}(\phi)}} - {{{Cos}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}({Wt})} \cdot {{Sin}(\phi)}}} \right\rbrack \right\}} = {{{{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {{{Cos}(\phi)} + {{{Cos}\left( {2{Wt}} \right)} \cdot {{Cos}(\phi)}} - {{{Sin}\left( {2{Wt}} \right)} \cdot {{Sin}(\phi)}}} \right\rbrack} \right\}} = {{{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {{{Cos}(\phi)} - {{Cos}\left( {{2{Wt}} + \phi} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \right\}}}}}$

At 0 or 180 degrees for φ, the power signal is

${{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 - {{Cos}\left( {2W\; t} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \right\}$

or

${{- {{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)}} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 - {{Cos}\left( {2{Wt}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \right\}},$

respectively, which have average power levels.

At 90 or 270 degrees for φ, the power signal is

${{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{Sin}\left( {2{Wt}} \right)}} \right\}$

or

${{- {{Cos}\left( {W_{60}t} \right)}} \cdot \left\{ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{Sin}\left( {2W\; t} \right)}} \right\}},$

respectively, which are sinusoidal, and accordingly, have no averagepower or have zero power level.

-   -   NOTE: By changing the offset timing of the gating between the        synchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFT, φ, the        propagation of power can be varied. Since any fast transition        periodic signal, such as a square wave, can be represented as a        series (i.e., Fourier Series) of sinusoids with harmonics of the        fundamental frequency, an AC chopped signal, such as the AC        chopped signal resulting from gating the synchronous modems,        would be represented by a Fourier series of Cos (W_(N)t) or Cos        (W_(N)t+φ), where N represents frequency harmonic terms, and the        combinational results would be similar to the simple analysis,        which used Cos (Wt) with Cos (Wt+φ), although their would be N        like terms.

CPDM: See Compensated Pulse Density Modulation (CPDM) block 26 of theModulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 22 of the Primary Controller6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. CPDM is a modulationmeans for conditioning electrical power that is peculiar to RTEC orBMSCC, which is transferring conditioned or re-fabricated high frequencypower between the primary and secondary side of a Position DependentFlux High Frequency Transformer (PDF-HFT) or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combinationwith a steady-state oscillating magnetic field that is pre-establishedby a MCG means producing symmetrical bipolar carrier signals (i.e., noDC bias) and with synchronous modems on opposite sides for gating powerpackets in relation to the pre-established oscillating magnetic field.CPDM controls and synchronizes the number of contiguous gatingtransitions of the synchronous modems during a burst (or string) of highfrequency cycles that occur at specific time intervals (or frames). Eachframe occurs multiple times during the period of the low frequencywaveform of the modulation envelope. The number of cycles per string isweighted according to the desired shape and magnitude of the modulationenvelope waveform desired to be transferred between the synchronized ACpower switches of the synchronous modems on each side of the PDF-HFT.The weighting (or density of the string) and the frame time interval canbe dynamically adjusted at anytime. With proper high frequency filteringor strategic timing of the synchronous modem gating, virtually all thehigh frequency components, such as the carrier frequency, are confinedto the PDF-HFT, which is designed for high frequency operation, leavingonly the low frequency components at the terminals of the PDF-HFT.

To generate a string of cycles during a given interval, the synchronousmodems on the primary side of the PDF-HFT would be continuously gated insynchronism to the carrier frequency to achieve the desire number ofcycle density (or weight) for that string during a given frame.Likewise, the synchronous modem on the secondary side of the PDF-HFT,which is synchronized to the synchronous modem on the primary side,would be gated during the same frame; thereby, demodulating the highfrequency carrier and showing only the desired electrical weight of thestring, which is the combined weight or polarity (i.e. accumulation) ofall the half-cycle energy directed into one polarity by the synchronousdemodulation. Shifting the gating of the synchronous modem on only oneside of the PDF-HFT by one-half cycle (or 180 degrees) would effectivelynegate (or invert) the weighting. As a result, other affects could beachieved by half cycle shifting the gating between the synchronized ACchoppers on each side of the PDF-HFT during any frame. For instance,half cycle shifting the gating on one side of the PDF-HFT by anincremental number during any frame interval of weight cycles wouldretrieve smaller portions of the power density of the string, since aportion of the string would not be gated or synchronously demodulated.This portion of energy could be absorbed by another AC Phase if the ACchoppers of that particular AC phase, which continues to gate (orsynchronously demodulate) during the same frame interval. The weightingand cycle shifting could be referenced or controlled on the rotor side,the stator side, or both sides as long as the two sides are synchronizedto the oscillating magnetic field pre-established by the MCG.

FIG. 8 shows the progression of signals through the REG (or SEG) on theprimary (stator) and secondary side (rotor) of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) as a result of CPDM. Any discussionapplying to the PDF-HFT equally applies to the PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination (or visa-versa). For this disclosure, AC Chopper, Chopper,etc., similarly represent a synchronous modem or synchronous modemoperation. The “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b is the input signalto the REG (or SEG). This signal could be an “AC or DC Supply Waveform”5 b. The signal shown is actually a portion of a sinusoidal waveformwith a voltage or current crossing point 4 b through the “Zero Voltageor Current of AC or DC Supply” baseline 6 b. A DC waveform would be aconstant level above or below the zero voltage or current baseline 6 bwith no zero crossing point 4 b. The “Primary Winding Signal after theAC Chopper” 2 b, which results from gating the Input Signal 1 b with asynchronous modem and similarly represents the gate timing signalscontrolling the synchronous modem, drives its respective phase windingon the primary side of the PDF-HFT. In this case, the MagnetizingCurrent Generator (MCG), which actually establishes the high frequencysignal, is an integral component of the synchronous modem. The “PrimaryWinding Signal after the AC Chopper” 2 b also represents themagnetically induced secondary winding signal of the PDF-HFT. Inelectrical reality, the straight edges depicted are generally rounderand slower. Each string length 12 b and 13 b of cycles 7 b of gatednegative-packet 8 b and positive-packet 9 b on-transitions is weightedwith a different number of cycles 7 b according to the voltage orcurrent level desired for that particular frame 14 b with a resolutionof weighting down to half cycles. In this case, string 12 b contains 2.5cycles and string 13 b contain 4.5 cycles. The beginning of each stringof cycles would be separated by a frame 14 b that could be a timeinterval based on an arbitrary or fixed number of cycles or adynamically changing number of cycles. The interval of a frame consistsof a weighted number of cycles that should be equal to or larger thanthe maximum anticipated weight of any string. The amplitude level 5 b ofthe “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b is included on the amplitude ofthe “Primary Winding Signal after the AC Chopper” 2 b, which is shown bythe dotted amplitude levels 11 b. The overlapping timing of the “GatingSignals of the Secondary AC Choppers” 3 b synchronously demodulates thesecondary winding signals to produce an “Output Signal after AC Chopper”4 b. The “AC or DC output waveform” 15 b will have a zero crossing point14 b that may be phase shifted 17 b according to the desired (i.e.,contrived or re-fabricated) waveform as a result of the CPDM weightingsequences and the mechanical speed or position of the moving winding setof the PDF-HFT in relation to the stationary winding set of the PDF-HFT.

For one example, assume the following sequential weighting per string inten sequential frames is 1, 5, 7, 5, 1, −1, −5, −7, −5, and −1 with theframe interval occurring every fixed 50 cycles of timing and with norelative movement between the PDF-HFT windings. The weighting of eachstring would be referenced to the frame weight of 50 or 1/50, 5/50,7/50, 5/50, 1/50, − 1/50, − 5/50, − 7/50, − 5/50, and − 1/50. Further,assume the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b is a DC waveform. Thesequential frames represent the digitized weighting closely resembling alow amplitude sinusoidal waveform or analog waveform, which has amaximum amplitude weight of 5/50 or 1/10. The “Primary Winding Signalafter the AC Chopper” 2 b represents the same weighting sequence ofcycles and frames on both sides of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) due to inductive coupling. Assuming the same gating occursfor “Gating Signals of the Secondary AC Choppers” 3 b, the demodulatedresult would be similar to the “Output Signal After AC Chopper” 4 b thatis a sinusoidal waveform with the combined discrete energy packets basedon the weighting sequence just describe. With any means of filtering thecombined discrete packets represented by the cross-hatched area 22 b(while referencing only string 20 b) would be smoothed out to a waveformrepresented by the dotted or solid AC or DC output waveform 15 b asreferenced to the zero voltage axes 16 b. Any movement of the PDF-HFT orany waveform of the “Input Signal before AC Chopper” 1 b, other than DC,would be included.

Swapping the positive-packet-on-transition timing 9 b and thenegative-packet-on-transition timing 8 b (i.e.,positive-packet-on-transition would be 8 b andnegative-packet-on-transition would be 9 b) of the “Gating Signals ofthe Secondary AC Choppers” 3 b by a half-cycle or 180 degree offsetshift in relation to the “Primary Winding Signal After the AC Chopper” 2b, the polarity of the “AC or DC waveform” 5 b in relation to the “ZeroVoltage or Current” 6 b would be inverted as shown by the dotted envelop15 b of the “Output Signal After AC Chopper” 4 b. FIG. 8 attempts toshow an instance of shifting the secondary string signal 21 b relativeto the primary string signal 20 b by a positive shift 19 b of one-halfcycle or 180 degrees with the hatched area 22 b showing the result ofthe demodulation. Without the half-cycle offset shift of the carriersignal, the solid envelope 15 b shown for the “Output Signal after ACChopper” 4 b would result. The primary side 2 b and secondary side 3 bstrings can be relatively shifted 19 b by any number of positive ornegative half cycles during any Frame. Odd half-cycle shifts result in acombined inverted (or negative) weight and even half cycle shifts resultin a combined non-inverter (or positive) weight. The cross-hatched area22 b attempts to show how the weight is applied to the signal.

Gating may be initiated on the primary side, the secondary side, or anycombination. CTOM and CPDM Combination: See CTOM and CPDM Combinationblock 27 of the Modulation Means Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 22 of thePrimary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6.Compensated Time Offset Modulation (CTOM) and Compensated Pulse DensityModulation (CPDM) operate by the timely gating of the synchronous modemsin synchronous relation to the negative and positive transition of theoscillating magnetic field on the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination, which is pre-established by the MCG. Essentially, CTOM orCPDM opens discrete windows on a timely basis for sharing the magneticenergy of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination (i.e., HighFrequency Magnetic Energy Sharing or HFMES). It should be obvious toexperts that CTOM and CPDM can be supported in any combination.

CPDM, CTOM, or CPDM-CTOM Combination may require filtering components,such as capacitors, on both terminal sides (or low frequency sides) ofthe REG (or SEG) to bypass any high frequency components that are theresults of CPDM and CTOM techniques, such as when the transition timingof the choppers on each side of the PDF-HFT do not exactly overlap.Because of the high frequency of the carrier signals, any filteringcomponent would be of low impedance. In essence, the high frequencycomponents are confined to the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combinationand isolated from the low frequency electric apparatus.

CPDM, CTOM, or CPDM-CTOM Combination may synchronize the high frequencycarrier of each phase in accordance to a single phase AC system or to amultiphase AC system. For instance, the synchronous timing of the highfrequency carrier signals for all AC-Phases may coincide or thesynchronous timing of the high frequency carrier signals for eachAC-Phase may be without coincidence, such as by a phase offset time inaccordance with the desired high frequency multiphase system (i.e., thesynchronous timing of the high frequency carrier for each AC phase of a3-phase AC system will be 120 degrees offset in likeness to themodulation envelopes of the 3-Phase AC system).

High Frequency Magnetic Energy Sharing (HFMES) Art: See High FrequencyMagnetic Energy Sharing (HFMES) block 28 of the Modulation MeansPeculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 22 of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 andSecondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. The high frequency carriersignals from all the winding phases store the switching energy in themagnetic field of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT-HRCRT Combination). This highfrequency oscillating magnetic energy (i.e., power) can be sharedbetween all phase windings of the PDF-HFT in any proportion as theresult of CTOM or CPDM individually controlling (modulating) the current(or power) through the balanced phase windings. CTOM controls power bytransition edge timing and CPDM controls power by digitally weightingthe number of half cycles per frame. As a result of CTOM or CPDM, only aportion of the energy in the high frequency magnetic field would beallocated to any one phase as previously discussed with the remainingportion of energy available for allocation (or sharing) between theother phases as desired. High Frequency Magnetic Energy Sharing (orHFMES) as was just discussed is different from inherentlyre-distributing or changing the high frequency magnetic flux by changingthe magnetic path as a result of movement. It should be understood thatHFMES is specific to the high frequency magnetic energy in the PDF-HFT(or PDF-HFT-HRCRT Combination) and mutually exclusive from the lowfrequency magnetic energy of any electric apparatus being controlled.

The following analysis demonstrates how CPDM or CTOM share magneticenergy between phases, which is referred to as High Frequency MagneticFlux Energy Sharing (or HFMES). FIG. 9 gives the vector representationof the “low frequency” modulation envelopes of the three phase (i.e.,3-Phase) “excitation” signals on each side of the REG (or SEG) in an x-ycoordinate reference system. PDF-HFT is interchangeable withPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination in this analysis. Likewise, REG isinterchangeable with SEG in this analysis. More appropriately, thesesignals could also be the vector representation of a snap-shot of thelow frequency modulation envelope amplitude by the high frequencycarrier signals on any side of the PDF-HFT in the x-y coordinatereference. The signals are referred to as representation or referencesignals only for explanatory purposes. The signals are the actual ACphase voltages, AC phase currents, or oscillating magnetic energy as aresult of the multiphase excitation. The three phase legs of theReference 3-Phase Signal are Leg_1 1 c, Leg_2 2 c and Leg_3 3 c,respectively, could be considered the stator winding excitation signalsof the PDF-HFT by the stator synchronous modems. The three phase legs ofthe Resulting 3-Phase Signal are Leg_1′ 4 c, Leg_2′ 5 c and Leg_3′ 6 c,respectively, could be considered the signals from rotor windingterminals of the PDF-HFT. Since it is a three phase representation, eachleg of each AC phase is separated by 120 degrees or 2π/3 radians 7 c.Similarly, a six phase representation would have a 60 degree or π/3radians of separation between phase legs. The signals for each 3-Phasesystem rotate together at an angular frequency determined by the givenAC excitation frequency (i.e., 60·2π Radians per second@60 Hz). Notincluded in this figure, the rotation could include a mechanicalrotation, which is possible with the PDF-HFT. The low frequency andphase of the reference (or stator) 3-Phase signals are W_(x)t+φ_(x) 8 c.The desired frequency and phase of the resulting (or rotor) 3-Phasesignals are W_(y)t+φ_(y) 9 c. The difference between the reference andresulting signals is [(W_(x)t+φ_(x))±(W_(y)t+φ_(y))] 10 c. The energystored in the magnetic field is the difference between the energyleaving the PDF-HFT (i.e., leaving on the Resulting 3-Phase Signals) andthe energy entering the PDF-HFT (i.e., entering on the Reference 3-PhaseSignals). Assuming the signals are balanced, the entire analysis will bea simple analysis of a single leg, Leg_1′. The sum of the components ofthe each reference signal phase that are right angle 11 c intersectionsto the phase leg of observation is the desired resulting signals. Thedotted Reference 12 c is the negative extrapolation of Leg_1′, whichdetermines the resulting component attributed to Leg_3 of the referencevector.

The reference signals represented by the set of 3-Phase vectors passthrough a bi-directional modulator circuit, which are the synchronousmodems of the REG. By modulating and then demodulating the signals bythe modulation art specific to Real Time Emulation Control (or BrushlessMultiphase Self-Commutation Control), which is CTOM or CPDM orcombination, the synchronous modem circuit of the REG functions as avariable window into sharing the high frequency magnetic energy of anyof the reference signals of the figure, which are actually theconditioned phase excitation signals of the REG. Automatically includedin each signal are amplitude components associated with the step-up,step-down, or neutral winding-turns ratio between the stator and rotorwinding sets (transformer ratio) of the PDF-HFT and the amplitudecomponents associated with the mechanical speed and phase componentaccording to the relative movement between the rotor and stator windingsets of the PDF-HFT.

The following gives a simple analysis of changing the frequency, W_(x),and phase, φ_(x), of the input multiphase signal to a differentfrequency, W_(y), or phase, φ_(y), which considers the PDF-HFT to bestationary (such as at a potential standstill condition) and as aresult, does not include any mechanical speed and phase component of amoving PDF-HFT. The symmetry of the REG synchronous modem circuits allowelectronic modulation or demodulation to occur on either side of thePDF-HFT of the REG.

By simple vector arithmetic and assuming the normalized amplitudes, eachleg of the three phases will be:

Leg_1 = Sin(W_(x )t + ϕ_(x 1));${{{Leg\_}2} = {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x\; 2} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}};$${{{Leg\_}3} = {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x\; 3} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}};$

Where:

-   -   W_(x) Electrical Frequency;    -   φ_(x1), φ_(x2), φ_(x3) Angle of Electrical Frequency for each        phase with the difference between phase 1, 2, & 3 depicting        balanced or unbalanced phases.

The Modulations on each phase are:

-   -   Modulation for Leg_1:

A Cos((W_(x)+W_(y))t+φ_(x)±φ_(y1));

-   -   Modulation for Leg_2:

${{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)};$

-   -   Modulation for Leg_3:

${{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)};$

-   -   Where:        -   W_(y) Electrical High Frequency of the desired waveform;        -   φ_(y1), φ_(y2), φ_(y3) Angle of Electrical Frequency of the            desired waveform for each phase with the difference between            phase 1, 2, & 3 depicts balanced or unbalanced phases;        -   A the adjustable (i.e., by modulation or magnetic            amplification) normalized amplitude (or multiplier), which            can be a multiplier value between 0 and A′, where A′ is the            winding-turns ratio of the PDF-HFT;        -   ± Direction of frequency (clockwise or counter-clockwise            rotation on polar coordinates).

Let ±(W_(y)t+φ_(y)) be the frequency and phase of the desired waveformwith the (±) indicating the direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise).

As the transition (such as a square wave) become faster (straighter),the relation is a Fourier series of harmonic components, which is aduplication of the proceeding relations for each term in the Fourierseries.

Then considering only balanced phases (i.e., φ_(x1)=φ_(x2)=φ_(x3)) forsimplicity:

Leg_1′:

${{{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}} + {{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}}};$

Leg_1′ relation can be further expanded:

${{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x\;}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {{A\left\lbrack {{{{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{2\pi}{3} \right)}} - {{{Sin}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{2\pi}{3} \right)}}} \right\rbrack} \times {\quad{\left\lbrack {{{{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{2\pi}{3} \right)}} + {{{Cos}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{2\pi}{3} \right)}}} \right\rbrack + {{A\left\lbrack {{{{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{4\pi}{3} \right)}} - {{{Sin}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{4\pi}{3} \right)}}} \right\rbrack} \times {\quad{\left\lbrack {{{{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{4\pi}{3} \right)}} + {{{Cos}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{4\pi}{3} \right)}}} \right\rbrack;}}}}}}}$

To simplify term expansion for a more obvious solution, consider a twophase system:

${{{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}} + \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{\pi}{2}} \right)}}}};$Or:${{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {{A\left\lbrack {{{{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right)}} - {{{Sin}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right)}}} \right\rbrack} \times {\quad{\left\lbrack {{{{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Cos}\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right)}} + {{{Cos}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}{{Sin}\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \right)}}} \right\rbrack;{{{Or}\text{:}{Leg\_}1^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} - {{{A{Sin}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)} \times {{Cos}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}}}};}}}}$

-   -   By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted        choppers, one solution is:

Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((W _(x) +W _(y))t+φ _(x)±φ_(y)−(W _(x) t+φ_(x)));

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_1′        becomes:

Leg_(—)1′=A Cos(±W _(y) t);

-   -   This fixed result is purely a “real” component.    -   By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted        choppers, another solution is:

Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((W _(x) ±W _(y))t+φ _(x)±φ_(y)+(W _(x) t+φ _(x)));

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_1′        becomes:

Leg_(—)1′=A Cos((2W _(x) ±W _(y))t);

-   -   This oscillating result is purely an “imaginary” component.

These same solutions hold for two or more phases.

Leg_2′:

${{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {{{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}} - \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}} + {{{A{Cos}}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}}$

-   -   By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted        choppers, one solution is:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y}} - \left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right) + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_2′        becomes:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{{\pm W_{y}}t} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted        choppers, another solution is:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y}} + \left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right) + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_2′        becomes:

${{{Leg\_}2^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {{2W_{x}} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

Leg_3′:

${{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {{A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 1}} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right)}} + {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 2}} - \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{2\pi}{3}} \right)}} + {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y\; 3}}} \right)} \times {{Sin}\left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}}$

-   -   By letting (φ_(y1)=−φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with inverted        choppers, one solution is:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + {\phi_{x} \pm \phi_{y}} - \left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right) + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_3′        becomes:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{{\pm W_{y}}t} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   By letting (φ_(y1)=φ_(y2)=φ_(y)) or driving with non-inverted        choppers, another solution is:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {W_{x} + W_{y}} \right)t} + \phi_{x} + \phi_{y} + \left( {{W_{x}t} + \phi_{x}} \right) + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

-   -   And for simplicity, if (φ_(y)=0) and (φ_(x)=0), then Leg_3′        becomes:

${{{Leg\_}3^{\prime}} = {A\; {{Cos}\left( {{\left( {{2W_{x}} \pm W_{y}} \right)t} + \frac{4\pi}{3}} \right)}}};$

These solutions do not include the mechanical phase and speed component,which is attributed to the relative mechanical relationship between therotor and stator winding nor the amplification component due to thewinding-turns ratio.

In conclusion, with the proper modulation parameters, the signalSin(W_(x)t+φ_(x)) can be electronically re-fabricated to ASin(W_(y)t+φ_(y)) by frequency, phase, or waveform shape, regardless ofany movement or position of the PDF-HFT shaft. More importantly, thepropagation of power through the REG (or SEG) can be re-fabricated fromone waveform to another waveform by sharing the high frequencyoscillating magnetic energy through any combination of the CTOM or CPDMtechniques of BMSCC (or RTEC) while remaining in any time or speedvariant reference frame. Further, once the parameters for the desiredwaveform are established, the Phase-Lock-Loop (PLL) mechanism or theelectromagnetic self-commutation of the PDF-HFT holds these parametersregardless of speed (i.e., even zero speed) or until new waveformparameters are desired and entered.

It should be understood that “Waveform Re-fabrication” is using the MCGand any CTOM-CPDM combination to directly share the “high frequencymagnetic energy” existing between balanced phase windings in the core ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination while transferring power tothe electric apparatus under control. The modulation carrier gating(switching) is in synchronous relationship to the oscillating highfrequency magnetic energy. The high frequency magnetic energy is energyin the core of the PDF-HFT that oscillates at the same frequency as themodulation gating. In contrast, “Frequency Synthesis”, which usesderivatives of Pulse Width Modulation, Phase Modulation, or Space VectorModulation, shares the “low frequency electromagnetic energy” in thecore of the actual electric machine entity under control and in thestorage components of the modulator circuit (such as the DC Link Stage)for transferring power to the electric machine under control. The lowfrequency electromagnetic energy is effectively constant energy inrelation to the high frequency modulation switching (or gating).

Note: As used herein, adjustment, re-fabrication, and conditioning ofthe signal waveforms are similar terms to describe the conversionoperation on a waveform.

Environmental Stress Immunity (ESIM) Art: See Environmental StressImmunity Means (ESIM) 30 of Synergistic Art peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG.6. Since the shafts of the Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationController (BMSCC) and the electric apparatus under the control ofBMSCC, such as the PGM, must be attached to convey operating speed andposition, BMSCC and the controlled electric apparatus are closelycoupled. As a result, BMSCC is the (only) electric machine control artthat compels the environmentally sensitive control and power electroniccomponents and the electrical components to be subjected to the sameoperating (or environmental) conditions as the electric apparatus undercontrol, such as heat, mechanical stress, etc. In contrast, all othercontrol technologies, such as FOC, impose no restriction on mounting thesensitive electronic and electrical equipment remotely from theoperating conditions subjected on the electric machine under control.Electronic components are active components, such as integratedcircuits, power semiconductors, etc. Electrical components are passivecomponents, which include all other components, such as capacitors,inductors, printed circuit boards, the PDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT, moving andstationary body winding sets, etc. Years of proprietary research,development, and prototyping by this inventor, which cannot be obviousto electric machine experts or engineers because there is no prior BMSCCart, made it apparent that incorporating environmental immunity meansagainst heat, humidity, altitude, mechanical stress, etc. is crucial tothe practicality of BMSCC because of the integral proximity of BMSCC tothe electric machine being controlled and to the same environmentalconditions. It follows that any art that mitigates the environmentalstress on the REG, the SEG, or the PGM is new and useful improvement forBMSCC and is considered new synergistic invention for BMSCC.

Heat is transferred (or dissipates) by convection (i.e., carried awayfrom the heat source by a moving fluid, or gas, etc.), conduction (i.e.,molecular agitation and energy absorption through a medium),vaporization (i.e., changing from one state to another), or radiation(i.e., electromagnetic waves or light). It follows that any of the heattransfer methods can be passive or active. A passive transfer of heat,such as using a copper bar to conduct the heat away from an electroniccircuit, uses no separate power source to move the heat away from theheat source. An active transfer of heat, such as a motorized fan to blowcool air over an electronic circuit or an acoustic means to move heat bywaves, uses a separate power source to move the heat away from the heatsource. Active transfer means rely on acoustics, fans, pumps,thermocouples, etc., and a cooling medium, such as cooling fluids,cooling gases, cooling mists, etc.

Environmental stress immunity means specific to Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (or Real Time Emulation Control) comprise atleast the following:

-   -   New art specific to RTEC (or BMSCC) means and systems is        incorporating any electronic and electrical components with the        composition, design, construction, or manufacture that allows        reliable operation above 49 degrees Celsius, which is the        minimum operating temperature of the insulation of the windings        of any electric apparatus complemented with BMSCC (or RTEC).        This includes exotic electronic components, such as components        based on silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, etc.    -   New art specific to RTEC (or BMSCC) means and systems is        incorporating any potting or mounting of the electronic and        electrical components to protect the electronic and electrical        components from mechanical stress, such as shaft acceleration,        or to improve heat dissipation.    -   New art specific to RTEC (or BMSCC) means and systems is        incorporating any passive or active form of heat immunity, such        as (but not limited to) the use of ultrasound (such as that use        in a humidifier) to mist a fluid, such as oil, water,        antifreeze, etc., for a cooling medium or to propagate heat        acoustically, etc., or an active means, such as a fan, pump, or        vacuum, to move the cooling medium across the heat sensitive        components, or thermocouples, or other heat conduction means,        such as using the actual winding conductor material to dissipate        heat, or heat pipes.    -   New art specific to RTEC (or BMSCC) means and systems is        incorporating slots, channels, sections, or seams into the rotor        or stator lamination stacks of the electric machine core for the        flow of cooling medium. The slots, channels, sections, or seams        could be integrated with vanes, propellers, or means to force        the flow of cooling medium with the movement of the rotor.

CTOM-CPDM Modulation Start-Up Art: CTOM-CPDM Modulation Start-up Art isan integral component of CTOM-CPMDM Modulation peculiar to BMSCC. TheCTOM-CPDM Modulation Startup follows. First, establish the “InitialSetup and Control of the Magnetizing Current” in the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) by the MCG in accordance with the portvoltages and the baseline design frequency of the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination). If the MCG is integrated into thesynchronous modems, it is conceivable that only synchronous modems (withan integrated MCG means) on one side of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFTCombination) will be started, since parametric information has yet to beestablished for satisfactory calculation of CTOM or CPDM modulationcontrol. Further, this pre-established oscillating magnetic field may bethe only means to supply power to any control logic on the other side ofthe PDF-HFT (or combination). Second, begin the Basic Three Step ProcessControl Means (BTPCM) of RTEC (or BMSCC) that includes the gating of thesynchronous modems on both sides of the transformer after the parametricinformation has been captured and calculated, which effectivelyestablishes the “Power Transfer Control” by CTOM, CPDM or combination.

Basic Control Process (BTPCM) Art: See the Basic Three Step ProcessControl Means (BTPCM) Art 31 that is Synergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCCor RTEC 23 of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 &18 of FIG. 6. Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) or Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC) requires a simple three basic stepcontrol process, which is unlike the complex four basic step controlprocess of derivatives of FOC that must include its distinguishingelectromagnetic process disruption by an offline or dissimilar processconsisting of formulating reference signals, processing of formedsignals or reference signals Of with multiphase “speed-variant” to“speed-invariant” transformations (i.e., sometimes called referencerotation) of the reference signals, and finally, frequency synthesizingthe excitation.

The Basic Three Step Process Control Means (BTPCM) follows. For ProcessControl Step One, measure the voltage, the current, the speed, theposition, the torque, or a combination of any derivative thereof as seenat the electrical and mechanical terminals of the electric machine,which may be acquired locally such as directly from the port of themachine or may be acquired remotely, such as at the electricaldistribution facility. For Process Control Step Two, with the acquireddata determine a response to achieve the desired or expected electricalor mechanical parameters, including power factor, torque, or speed.Methods employed to determine the response may be by calculations, suchas mathematical, logical, lookup, or comparative, or by communications.For Process Control Step Three, adjust or re-fabricate the shape of the“excitation” waveform of the “modulation envelop” to achieve the desiredresults by the modulation techniques of CTOM or CPDM that are peculiarto RTEC (or BMSCC), which includes magnetic energy sharing. Otherparameters determined by either measurement or calculation for morecomplex control would still be a derivative of the basic three stepprocess. Understand that BTPCM is for optimizing the performance of theelectric machine being controlled (i.e., the PGM) and to control thedistinguishing feature of RTEC (or BMSCC), which is inherent selfcommutation with any input frequency of excitation that will continuallyaccelerate the PGM without the Basic Three Step Control measures.

It should be understood that the manual three step process does notinclude formulation of reference signals and the manual time (or speed)variant to time (or speed) invariant transformation process (i.e.,reference rotation) on the reference signals associated or required withother means of control. Therefore, the Basic Three Step Process ControlMeans is basic and may comprise other sub-steps but not the manual timevariant to time invariant transformation process.

Simultaneous Mechanical Control Process (SMAC) Art: See SimultaneousMechanical Adjustment Control (SMAC) 29 of the Modulation Means Peculiarto BMSCC or RTEC 22 of the Primary Controller 6 & 19 and SecondaryController 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. Another control method, which is peculiarto RTEC or BMSCC, is the ability to mechanically move the relativeposition (i.e., phase angle) between the stationary body of the REG (orSEG) and a stationary reference, such as the PGM stationary body, whilesimultaneously operating under RTEC or BMSCC. Simultaneous MechanicalAdjustment Control (or SMAC), while simultaneously operating under RTECor BMSCC, allows adjustment of parameters, such as the Power Factor(PF), of any electric machine controlled by RTEC or BMSCC, whileoperating with a given torque or voltage level. This manual adjustmenttechnique could be automatic by incorporating other means, such as anelectromechanical servo system that mechanically adjusts the phase angleautomatically or on command. Another art for SMAC is to pre-adjust thePF (such as unity PF) or Torque Angle at the origin of manufacture orsite for a specific or default base torque, current, voltage, or powerlevel of the electric machine.

Capture, Control, Command, and Communication Processor (CCCC) Art: SeeCapture, Control, Command, and Communication Processor (CCCC) 33 ofSynergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23 of the Primary Controller 6& 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. Although the PDF-HFT (orPDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) naturally performs the intensiveelectromagnetic processing in real time by inherent means (i.e., RealTime Emulation Control or Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl), less intensive processing operations, such as Capture,Control, Command, and Communication (or CCCC) processing, among otherderivatives of CCCC processing, are still required for satisfactoryoperation of RTEC or BMSCC. Capture could be measuring the signalconditions, such as the synchronous timing between the synchronousmodems, which is a unique requirement of RTEC or BMSCC, or the voltagesand current levels. Control could be algorithms, calculations, oradjustments, such as “adjusting” the modulation (or gating) of thesynchronous modems to meet a “calculated” parameter requirementdetermined from a captured measurement. Command could be user desiredentry, such as “set speed to” from a keyboard. Communication could berelaying any information from the moving body to the stationary body orretrieving a command from a user friendly interface, such as a remotekeyboard. As a result, any combination of Digital or Analog ElectronicProcessors may be placed on the secondary side (see Secondary Controller7 of FIG. 6), the primary side (see the Primary Controller 6 of FIG. 6),or either side for performing CCCC operations. The digital or analogelectronic processing could be soft programmed, such as by anarrangement of stored electronic instructions, hard-programmed, such asany wired arrangement of amplifiers, digital switching gates, integratedcircuits, etc., or soft-wired, such as with Field Programmable Devices.Obviously, the intensity of the desired CCCC operations dictates theprocessing power required and is a natural requirement for any electricmachine controller but in direct contrast to any derivative of FOC, theCCCC operations of BMSCC (or RTEC) do not include any comparablyintensive processing operations, such as speed variant to speedinvariant transformations and frequency synthesis.

Speed Position Resolver (SPRM) Art: See Speed/Position Resolver Means(SPRM) 34 of Synergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23 of the PrimaryController 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. The PDF-HFTchanges the output waveform to a speed-synchronized waveform naturallyand without delay in accordance to the relative speed and positionbetween the rotor and stator winding sets because the PDF-HFT isbasically a Multiphase Electromagnetic Self-Commutator or MultiphaseElectromagnetic Computer. Therefore, the speed and absolute position ofthe shaft can be determined by incorporating any means to compare anyprimary to any secondary waveform (or visa versa) of the PDF-HFT or theoutput of the REG or SEG. As a result, the PDF-HFT, the REG system, orthe SEG system is an inherent speed-position resolver means ortransducer (SPRM), which is an important parameter for the Basic ThreeStep Process Control Means (BTPCM) of RTEC (or BMSCC).

Synchronizing Means (SM): See Synchronizing Means (SM) 32 block of theSynergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23 of the Primary Controller 6& 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6. Brushless MultiphaseSelf-Commutation Control (BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC)and in particular, the modulation techniques of CTOM, CPDM, orcombination thereof stipulate the synchronous modems on each side of theair gap of the PDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) be synchronizedto the carrier frequency, which is pre-established by the MagneticCurrent Generator (MCG). RTEC (or BMSCC) Synchronizing Means (SM) useeither a Wireless Communication Means (WCM), such as using an optical orRadio Frequency (RF) medium (with antenna), Circular Transformer meansfor a pure communication data medium (perhaps without an RF modulation),or a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) means to establish the synchronizing clock,which all power gating is referenced. For instance, a PLL (on eitherside of the rotor or stator side or on both sides) means containingcircuitry or software control that would monitor the difference betweentransitions of the carrier power signal by means of a phase detector,produces a synchronized reference frequency that coincides with thePDF-HFT (or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination) oscillating magnetic field. Inanother for instance, the communication means broadcasts a synchronizingframing signal or information packet that allows the CCCC means tore-synchronize.

The synchronous means coincides with a measurable derivative of the highfrequency oscillating magnetic field pre-established in the air gap ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination by the MCG.

As used herein, a “measurable derivative” refers to any signal, which isa result of the oscillating magnetic field that gives a similarreference signal waveform of the oscillating magnetic field and can bemeasured by means of a sensor. This includes voltages across the phasewinding, currents in the phase windings, etc., which can also relate tosignal transitions, signal half-cycles, and signal cycles.

Wireless Communication Means (WCM): See Wireless Communication Means(WCM) block 20 of the Synergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23 ofthe Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6.A Wireless Communication Means (WCM) could propagate parametricinformation, logic power, or synchronization means between both sides ofthe PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination. It should be obvious thatmany circuit and software means can implement the WCM. For instance, thePDF-HFT, the PIF-HFT, or the combination may include another winding seton the primary and secondary side of the transformer with a mutual airgap area that most likely does not dynamically change with movement thatare specifically for a wireless means of propagating logic power or alow level signal for communication.

Soft Switching Compensation (SSC) Means: See Soft Switching CompensationMeans (SCC) block 35 the Synergistic Art Peculiar to BMSCC or RTEC 23 ofthe Primary Controller 6 & 19 and Secondary Controller 7 & 18 of FIG. 6.CTOM, CPDM or combination thereof are established by the timelysynchronous gating of the negative-packet-on-transition andpositive-packet-on-transition of the bi-directional power switches(i.e., gates) of the synchronous modems, which would best occur at thezero level crossing of the current or voltage of the high frequencycarrier signal. Gating the negative and position transitions at the zerolevel (or crossing) of the voltage or current is referred to as softswitching (or resonant switching) because it minimizes electrical stresson electrical and electronic components since the switching occurs atthe lowest power level. Further, Soft Switching (i.e., ResonantSwitching) improves the efficiency and switching speed of the circuitbecause it effectively utilizes the intrinsic impedance of theelectrical circuit to its advantage. For another example, ceasing theflow of current through a switch component in series with other reactivecomponents, such as inductors, by opening the switch at a determinedcurrent level will lower voltage overshoot, which is directlyproportional to the time derivative of the current flow change, and as aresult, minimize overall component stress and ratings.

The zero crossing of voltage or current “inherently” occurs in BMSCC (orRTEC) because the power signals must be unbiased (i.e., bipolartransitions without DC bias, which is termed bi-symmetric transitions inthis document) for efficient electrical power propagation across the airgap of the PDF-HFT by high frequency induction. However, electronicswitches (i.e., power semiconductors) of a power circuit together withthe gate driving circuit show a finite delay time between the turn-onand turn-off command action and the actual turn-on or turn-off of theswitch. Further, delay times change with temperature and circuitcomponent anomalies and as a result, the actual turn-on and turn-off arenot entirely deterministic at a given time or for a given circuitcondition. Unfortunately, any deviation from the exact switch turn-on orturn-off at the zero crossing shows the negative effects of hardswitching, which is the indiscriminate turn-on or turn-off switchingwhile disregarding the potentially high level of current or voltageacross the gate of the power switch at the time of the switching.

BMSCC (or RTEC) may use any means to soft switch as near to the exactzero crossings as possible by compensating for indeterminate delays. Onecircuit means averages out delay times over repeated measurementiterations of gate turn-on (and turn-off) actions. As used herein, thismethod will be referred to as Iterative Averaging. The circuit measuresthe “time period”, t₁, between the start of the “gate transitioncommand” time, which is the time the control circuit commands a turn-onor turn-off action to occur, and the power “switch transition sense” orwhen the resulting transition of the power semiconductor or power signalis actually sensed (by a sensing circuit) to have occurred. The sensecircuit can detect a “before zero crossing” or an “after zero crossing”and may detect any parameter that gives the level of switching energy todetermine the proximity to the zero crossing. If the actual power switchturn-on (or turn-off) transition occurs before (or after) the “inherent”zero crossing of the steady-state oscillation, a faster transitionthrough the zero crossing than the expected steady state dv/dt of theinherent signal transition (or hard switch) will occur, which can bemeasured. The “level” of the switch transition sense determines theproximity of the actual switched transition to the inherent zerocrossing and the “polarity” of the switch transition sense determines onwhich side of the zero crossing the transition occurred. Both level andpolarity can be measured, which gives an indication of how far from theexpected zero crossing and on what side of the expected zero crossingdid the actual power switching occur. This “time period”, t₁, will beadjusted (according to the level detected) and added or subtracted(according to the polarity detected) from the next gate transitioncommand. The next iteration measures the “time period”, t₂, between thestart of the “gate transition command” and the “switch transition sense”and accordingly adds or subtracts the next “time period”, t₂, from theprevious transition gating time, t₁. Over time, intrinsic componenttime, t_(N), any delays associated with sense circuit delays,temperature, and other circuit anomalies are average out and will beconstantly readjusted as dynamic changes take place. It should beunderstood that “level” is a relative term, referring to power, voltage,current, etc.

Assume a 10 kHz inherently oscillating excitation is occurring in theBMSCC. As a result, a positive-on-transition will occur every 100microseconds and the power switching clock (synchronizing clock,S_(clock)) would tick every 100 microseconds (the negative-on-transitionhas been neglected for simplicity but compensation follows the sameanalogy). As an example, assume t₁ was measured to be 1 microsecond fromthe time the “on-gate transition command” was issued and the actualpower switch turned-on is sensed, “switch transition sense”. Further,the power switched (or turned-on) after the inherent signal zerocrossing as indicated by the “polarity” of the switched transitionsense. The next “on-gate transition command” should occur 1 microsecondbefore the expected time to command an actual turn-on of the powerswitch at the zero crossing of the inherent oscillating signal, which is(S_(clock)−t₁). At the next gate turn-on command, t₂ was measured to be0.1 microsecond and the polarity was measured to be before the inherentsignal zero crossing. Therefore, the next on-gate command would occur0.9 microseconds before the expected time to command an actual turn-onof the power switch, which is (S_(clock)−t₁+t₂). This process goes oninfinitum or until the modulation gating is terminated.

The sensing for the actual switch on and off transitions will occur wellwithin a half-cycle period of the carrier signal or within the nexttransition time (100/2 microsecond for this example). If no finitevoltage or current transition is sensed within this period, the “timeperiod” will be zero (and could be discarded), since it is assume, theactual power semiconductor transition occurred very close, if notcoincidentally, to the zero crossing of the expected carrier signaltransition. It should be understood, that this prediction algorithm orSoft Switching Compensation (SSC) is peculiar to the new art of RTEC (orBMSCC) and the modulation techniques of BMSCC, which is MCG with anycombination of CTOM or CPDM.

Any Electric Machines Art: See Any Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed ElectricMachine System with BMSCC or RTEC 36 of FIG. 6. By employing either SEGor REG means, any doubly-fed or singly-fed electric machine can becontrolled by BMSCC, including Asynchronous, Synchronous, or Reluctanceelectric machines. Further, any configuration can be supported such aslinear form-factor, rotating form-factor, axial flux form-factor, radialflux form-factor, or transverse flux form-factor. The phase windingsfrom one side of the BMSCC (i.e., the secondary side) would connectphase-to-phase to the phase windings of the electric machine beingcontrolled, while the other side of the BMSCC (i.e., the primary side)would connect phase-to-phase to the phase legs of the electrical powergrid. The BMSCC can be used to excite the multiphase wound-rotor activewinding set (i.e., rotor active winding set) of a Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine with the REG configuration. In the Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machine configuration, the BMSCC can be connected inparallel, which is the classical method, or in series with the phasewindings of the PGM for an advanced brushless wound-rotor synchronousdoubly-fed electric machine system. In addition, another BMSCC with theSEG configuration may simultaneously excite the stationary multiphaseactive winding set (i.e., stator active winding set) of a Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machine. With the SEG configuration, the BMSCC canbe used to excite the stationary multiphase active winding set (i.e.,stator active winding set) of any singly-fed electric machine, if thesingly-fed electric machine places the passive winding set or thepermanent magnet assembly on the rotor, such as the classical squirrelcage induction machine, or with the REG configuration, the BMSCC can beused to excite the rotor multiphase active winding set, if thesingly-fed electric machine places the passive winding set or thepermanent magnet assembly on the stator. Similarly, using the mostadvanced techniques for the PGM entity 1 of FIG. 6, the moststate-of-art electric machine that includes BMSCC is realized. Forinstance, an electric machine that uses BMSCC, where the moving windingsare embedded in a cylindrical or disk of thin composite material for lowinertia, would be another essence of this invention. The BMSCCcontrolled electric machine can be put in a modular pancakeconfiguration (i.e., axial flux) and multiple pancake configurations canbe stacked along a common axle for incremental power increases, whileperhaps leaving a space between each module for cooling means. BecauseBMSCC means is unknown to electric machine experts or engineers, anyelectric machine that uses BMSCC means, which may include up-to-date ornew science design, construction, winding form-factor or manufacturetechniques, becomes new art or invention to any Singly-Fed or Doubly-FedElectric Machine System with BMSCC or RTEC 36 of FIG. 6, which couldinclude exotic bearings, such as magnetic bearings, air bearing, etc.,or any combination of efficient or exotic materials, such as low lossmagnetic materials from nanotechnology or amorphous metals, ribbons,powdered metals, laminations, etc., or efficient or exotic low lossconduction materials. The exceptional and symmetric control of BMSCCcould more easily support or complement magnetic levitation or bearings.

Superconductor Electric Machines Art: See Any Singly-Fed or Doubly-FedElectric Machine System with BMSCC or RTEC 36 of FIG. 6. SuperconductorElectric Machines are synchronous electric machines with asuperconductor field-winding (or wound-field). The superconductorfield-winding is a DC electromagnet (i.e., wound-field) that can achieveextremely high air gap Flux Density or extremely high magnetizingcurrents (or MMF) without resulting electrical loss. SuperconductorElectric Machines have numerous daunting problems, which are easilysolved with RTEC (or BMSCC). Presently, Superconductor Electric machinesmust incorporate conventional electronic control, such as FOC, forpractical operation. Due to the modulation techniques placed on theactive winding set by conventional electronic control, frequencyharmonics are imposed on the superconductor field-winding that quenchthe magnetic field and greatly compromise the superconductor. Further,the superconductor field-winding must be placed on the rotor, whichgreatly complicates the logistics of the cryogenic fluid support of thesuperconductor field-winding. RTEC (or BMSCC) does not intentionallydrive the active winding set with high frequency modulation, whichgreatly reduces harmonics and superconductor quenching, and BMSCC“brushlessly” relocates the multiphase active winding set to the rotorside while simultaneously relocating the superconducting field-windingto the stator side for simplified logistical support of thefield-winding cryogenics.

It should be understood, that a superconductor winding is basically a DCelectromagnet or field winding and the superconductor electric machineis considered a field wound synchronous electric machine. Replacing thefield winding of any field wound synchronous electric machine with apermanent magnet realizes a permanent magnet synchronous machine, whichis a viable configuration for the BMSCC as discussed for thesuperconductor electric machine.

Magnetic Bearing Art: Because of the extraordinary control offered byBMSCC and its ability to adjust air gap magnetic fluxes of the PGMentity via a phase-lock-loop approach, magnetic bearings can be easilyrealized.

Rotary or Stationary Phase or Frequency Converter Invention:Traditionally, a Rotary Phase Converter is an electric machine thatconverts an alternating current (AC) electrical signal from one phase toanother phase (i.e., from single phase AC to three phase AC) as itsprinciple purpose. Similarly, a Rotary Frequency Converter is anelectric machine that converts an electrical signal from one frequencyto another frequency (i.e., DC to 5 Hz). Rotation of the RotaryConverter precipitates the phase or frequency conversion.Electro-mechanical conversion may occur but is not a principle result ofa Rotary Converter. Rotation could be forced by an external electricmachine driving the shaft or could use the intrinsic torque of theRotary Converter, itself. The traditional Rotary Converter consists of aconventional electric machine, such as an induction (or asynchronous)electric machine or a synchronous electric machine with complementarycomponents.

The BMSCC (or RTEC) is a compact, lightweight, efficient Stationary orRotary Frequency or Phase Converter because of its high frequency ofoperation. See Stationary or Rotary Phase or Frequency Converter block39 of the BMSCC Dependent Inventions 44 of FIG. 6.

The Rotary or Stationary Frequency Converter follows the SynchronousSpeed Relation.

$\begin{matrix}{{fm} = {\frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P}\mspace{14mu} {Synchronous}\mspace{14mu} {Speed}\mspace{14mu} {Relation}}} & \;\end{matrix}$

The frequency of the waveform at the primary terminals of the BMSCC canbe converted to another frequency at the secondary terminals by sharingthe energy of the oscillating magnetic field in the core of the PDF-HFTby any combination of CPDM or CTOM, fr, or by rotating (or moving) theshaft, fm, in accordance with the Synchronous Speed Relation. Whileadjusting only, fm, the BMSCC is a Rotary Frequency Converter becausethe conversion is done with rotation. In addition, any contrivedrotation could also be a means to drive a cooling fan to activelydissipate heat from the system. While adjusting only, fr, the BMSCC is aStationary Frequency Converter because the conversion is done withfrequency re-fabrication by sharing the magnetic energy between phasewindings with no need for rotation.

Likewise, the BMSCC (or RTEC) is a Stationary or Rotary Phase Converter.The BMSCC can convert a given number of phases on the primary side toanother number of phases on the secondary side, while satisfying theSynchronous Speed Relation even at standstill by sharing the energy ofthe oscillating magnetic field in the core of the PDF-HFT by anycombination of CPDM or CTOM, as was discussed.

For instance, supplying the Reference Phase windings (Leg_1 1 c. Leg_2 2c and Leg_3 3 c) of FIG. 9 with the proper polarity of DC, Leg_1 1 c,Leg_2 2 c and Leg_3 3 c would be stationary vectors in time space orfs=0 (see Synchronous Speed Relation). If the rotation speed, fm, was 5Hz, the Resulting Phase Winding Signals (Leg_1′ 4 c, Leg_2′ 5 c andLeg_3′ 6 c) would be 3-Phase, 5 Hz AC. The result is a Rotary PhaseConverter, which converts a single phase waveform (i.e., DC in thiscase) to a 3-Phase AC waveform, and a Rotary Frequency Converter, whichconverted DC to 5 Hz AC. Similarly, if the rotation speed fm=0 (or norotation), and the frequency, fs, and phase of Leg_1 1 c, Leg_2 2 c andLeg_3 3 c was electronically converted to a 3 Phase 5 Hz waveform bysharing the high frequency oscillating magnetic energy in the PDF-HFT byany combination of CTOM or CPDM, the Resulting Phase Winding Signals(Leg_1′ 4 c, Leg_2′ 5 c and Leg_3′ 6 c) would be 3-Phase, 5 Hz AC. Inboth cases, the Resulting Phase Winding Signals would be additionallymodified with the frequency or phase of any difference of movement ofthe shaft. With these two examples presented, applying any mechanicalspeed or phase to the shaft, fm, or supplying any electrical frequencyor phase, fr or fs, by sharing the high frequency oscillating magneticenergy of the PDF-HFT between winding sets by any combination of CTOM orCPDM would fabricate the results to virtually any waveforms. Further,this example demonstrates each of three phase windings being fed with DC(or Single Phase AC) with the correct polarity; however, other phasewinding arrangements with the correct winding-turns ratio andcombinational CTOM-CPDM conditioning as calculated by trigonometry maybe a simpler alternative depending on the overall design circumstances.The example shows the DC input is electronically re-fabricated to 5 Hzby any combination of CTOM and CPDM, which is a reasonable slipfrequency for Induction Electric Machine operation. Of course, any slipfrequency could have been produced. According to the Synchronous SpeedRelation, 5 Hz slip frequency (and phase) is locked regardless of anychange in speed of the shaft. While this describes an example ofre-fabricating DC to 5 Hz AC, it will be understood that the frequencycan be other than 5 Hz.

Incorporating a Stationary (or Static) Excitation Generator (or SEG),the Rotary BMSCC Phase or Frequency Converter transfers the conversionfrom stationary-side to stationary-side (or visa-versa) without brushesor slip-rings or to another speed that is different than the movementspeed of the SEG shaft. Incorporating a Rotor Excitation Generator (orREG), the BMSCC Phase or Frequency Converter transfers the conversionfrom stationary-side to moving-side (or visa-versa). Incorporatingeither a REG or SEG while locking the shaft from movement, the BMSCCtransfers the conversion from stationary-side to stationary-side (orvisa-versa) with no speed or position component induced on the waveform;therefore, the frequency or phase waveform conversion would be strictlythe result of sharing the energy in the high frequency oscillatingmagnetic field by any combination of CTOM or CPDM.

With a supplemental means of storage, such as a flywheel, a battery, asuper-capacitor, another electric machine entity, or another electricmachine with high inertia, etc., the stationary or rotary phase orfrequency converter based on BMSCC is an Uninterruptible Power Supply(UPS).

With the example, it should now be evident that the REG or SEG with thenew art of BMSCC can control any type (i.e., Asynchronous, Synchronous,or Reluctance) or category (i.e., Singly-Fed or Doubly-Fed) of electricmachine with electromagnetic self-commutation and with power sources ofany number of AC-Phases (including DC) or any frequency. The conversionexample just discussed, which converts single phase DC to 5 Hz 3-PhaseAC is an example of a BMSCC controller driving the stationary activewinding set of an off-the-shelf Induction (or Asynchronous) ElectricMachine, where the shafts of the BMSCC and the Induction ElectricMachine are attached and move at the same speed to phase-locked the slipfrequency to one example frequency of 5 Hz, regardless of the speed ofthe shafts. Essentially, this is an example of “True” Self-Commutated DCElectric Machine, although the actual electric machine entity is aninduction electric machine.

Pole-Pair Emulator Invention: Because the REG (or SEG) with BMSCC (orRTEC) is a rotary frequency converter means, any electric machine matedwith BMSCC can emulate an electric machine with a given number ofpole-pairs. As shown by the synchronous speed relation, the speed of theshaft of the electric machine is dependent on the frequency ofexcitation and the number of magnetic pole pairs distributed about itsair gap area. By rotating (or moving) the shaft of the REG (or SEG)proportionally to the rotating (or moving) shaft of the PGM (or theelectric machine to be controlled), the fractional number ofmagnetic-poles emulated would be in accordance to the proportional speedratio between the REG (or SEG) shaft and the PGM shaft. As an example,if a means was incorporated, such as a transmission of gears, chains, orbelts or separately with another adjustable speed motor, Synchro-Pair(or Servo-Pairs), or changing ratio transmission combination for movingthe speed of the PDF-HFT rotating (or moving) body at a contrived speed,which is twice the speed as the body of the PGM for this example, thespeed range of the PGM would be reduced by one-half or would appear tooperate like an electric machine with twice as many magnetic pole-pairs.The more common method would attach the PGM and REG bodies (or shafts)directly to rotate at the same speed, which would be a magneticpole-pair emulation of one-to-one.

It should now be evident that Pole-Pair Emulation can be any fractionalor integral ratios, including a variable ratio by rotating (or moving)the shaft at an adjustable speed by any means, such as an adjustablespeed drive (or another electric machine driving the REG or SEG shaft)or Synchro-Pair. Since a Synchro-Pair is a rotary (or moving) electricaltransformer that forces the same movement applied to any shaft of anySynchro of the pair onto the other Synchro of the pair, the REG or SEGas the Pole-Pair Emulator could be mounted remotely from the electricapparatus under BMSCC control with variable pole-pair emulation.

With pole-pair emulation, the synchronous speed relation becomes:

${{fm}\frac{{\pm {fs}} \pm {fr}}{P*\frac{V_{HFRT}}{V_{PGM}}}\mspace{14mu} {Synchronous}\mspace{14mu} {Speed}\mspace{14mu} {Relation}\mspace{14mu} \begin{pmatrix}{{With}\mspace{14mu} {Pole}\text{-}{Pair}} \\{Emulation}\end{pmatrix}};$

Where:

-   -   fs is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the        stator (or primary) winding set (i.e., 60 Hz) and is related to        the speed of the magnetic field in the air-gap;    -   fr is the electrical frequency of the AC excitation on the rotor        (or moving) (or secondary) winding set, which is virtually zero        for Singly-Fed or Permanent Magnet Electric Machines;    -   fm is the mechanical speed (revolutions per second) of the        rotor;    -   P is the number of magnetic “pole-pairs”;    -   V_(PDF-HFT) Is the velocity of the PDF-HFT in relation to the        velocity of the PGM (V_(PGM));    -   V_(PGM) is the velocity of the PGM in relation to the velocity        of the PDF-HFT (V_(PDF-HFT));

VSCF Wind and Renewable Energy Invention: See Variable Speed ConstantFrequency (VSCF) Wind (or Any Prime Mover) Turbine block 37 of the BMSCCDependent Inventions 44 of FIG. 6. Although Electric Machines performtheir choirs virtually unnoticed, Electric Machines are the backbone ofthe electricity infrastructure and are virtually everywhere. ElectricMachines will generate electricity for distribution only whenmechanically driven by a fixed or variable speed prime mover, which hasalways been defined as an energy source, such as wind, tidal, wave,steam, fuel, engine, motor, etc. Similarly, Electric Machines willproduce mechanical power when excited with electricity. Withoutsupplying electricity or mechanical power, electric machines have noapplicable purpose.

As used herein, prime mover is used in the classic sense, which is aninitial agent that puts a machine in motion. It is considered the energysource. A prime mover needs a mechanical converter, such as an electricmotor, a propeller, an engine, etc., to put the prime mover, such aselectricity, wind, hydraulics (i.e., tidal, wave, etc.) fossil fuels,etc., to work

RTEC or BMSCC contributes new art to all applications requiring anelectric machine driven by fixed or variable speed prime movers togenerate electricity. Several applications are particularly receptive toBMSCC considering today's renewed sensitivity to energy. One suchapplication is converting the energy from a variable speed windmill (orwind turbine) to the fixed frequency AC electrical utility by BMSCC,which does not incorporate any derivative of Field Oriented Control(FOC) or field-windings. This same application can be equally applied toany prime mover, such as wind energy, wave energy, tidal energy, etc.

Wind, Tidal, and Wave energy are prime movers that are variable innature. These prime movers can power an electric generator that supplieselectricity to a fixed frequency electric distribution system. Thismakes a Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Electric Machine withBrushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Control (BMSCC) or Real TimeEmulation Control (RTEC) an attractive alternative for generatingelectricity from renewable prime movers; in particular, from wind (usingwind turbines).

All wind turbines (i.e., windmills) are composed of multiple components.The major components are the tower, the turbine or propeller blades, thepropeller wind capture control and motor mechanism for pitch, yawl,braking, etc., the transmission to convert the low speed propeller shaftto a high speed most compatible with the electric machine generator, andthe electric machine for converting the variable mechanical power fromthe prime mover to fixed frequency electricity. Variable Speed ConstantFrequency (VSCF) wind conversion is the best means for converting windenergy to electrical energy, because it imposes the least stress on themechanical components and it captures wind energy over a broader rangeof wind variation.

A VSCF Electric Machine with Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl (BMSCC) or Real Time Emulation Control (RTEC) offers a leap inperformance and benefits over present technology, such as derivatives ofFlux Oriented Control (FOC) VSCF Electric Machines, for the followingreasons: 1) Wound-Rotor Doubly-fed electric machine with BMSCC (or RTEC)makes the wound-rotor an active winding set and as a result, does notutilize a wound “field” or field winding; 2) BMSCC (or RTEC) performsnatural AC-to-speed-synchronized-variable-AC conversion (i.e.,self-commutation) without a DC (low frequency) link stage and without aspeed-variant to speed-invariant translation and frequency synthesisprocess, which distinguish BMSCC from derivatives of FOC; 3) BMSCC (orRTEC) is brushless; 4) BMSCC (or RTEC) is ideal for controlling PFcorrection and torque control under variable speed conditions; and 5)BMSCC (or RTEC) is compatible with any type or category of electricmachine, such as the Brushless Wound-Rotor [Synchronous] Doubly-FedElectric Machine, which has additional attributes, such as low costelectronics and high efficiency.

Wind Turbines are finding ocean based installations more common for manyreasons. Ocean based wind turbines require more durable generators, suchas brushless generators incorporating BMSCC. Another advantage of BMSCCis a huge ionic source (the salt brine water of an ocean) for energystorage in the form a salt water chemical battery.

It should now become apparent that any VSCF Wind (or any RenewableEnergy Prime Mover) Turbine with “Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl” or BMSCC (or RTEC), such as the Brushless Wound-Rotor[Synchronous] Doubly-Fed Electric Machine, is virtually unknown toelectric machine experts or engineers and is very different from allother electric machine technology, including the previous patentedtechnology of this inventor. It should also be understood, that a windturbine (or any renewable energy prime mover energy converter) requiresother important considerations or basic components, such as brake, yawland pitch control, a tower or other structure, etc., for practicaloperation and should be included in this invention.

Enhanced Transmission Means (ETM) Invention: See Wind Turbine withEnhanced Transmission Means block 42 of the BMSCC Independent Inventions45 of FIG. 6. Another important ingredient to wind generation is thetransmission. The transmission is a means of increasing the rotationalspeed of a slow turning windmill (i.e., <100 rpm) to a rotational speedthat is more compatible with electric machines (i.e., >900 rpm), such asBMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines, and transferring the tremendous powerto the electric machine generator. Reducing the weight and cost of thetransmission, while increasing its reliability, are a constant goal.This invention considers an internal gear (or stages of internal gears)with a large ring gear driving smaller pinion gears, which in turn maydrive additional stages of transmissions for additional torque ratiochange, which in turn drive one or more BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachines, as an embodiment of ETM. In addition, this invention considersa flexible torque belt (i.e., timing belt, belts, cables, chain, etc.)or Flexible Transmission Means, which includes a large pulley drivingsmaller pulleys, which in turn may drive additional stages oftransmissions for additional torque ratio change, which in turn driveone or more Electric Machines of any type, as an embodiment of ETM.Further, this invention considers a direct drive (i.e., withouttransmission) to a single BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric Machine with thepossibility of Pole-Pair Emulation, large pole count, or transverse fluxconfiguration as an embodiment of ETM. The Enhance Transmission Meansdriving electric machines, including BMSCC electric machines, should beuseful for other energy converting devise as well.

As used herein, a pulley is a device in a flexible belt transmissionsystem for transferring motion power. For instance, a timing belt pulleyhas striations on the race face and perpendicular to its race, whichmates to the timing belt and provides a locking mechanism for theflexible belt, such as found between a chain and sprocket. As usedherein, a timing belt pulley is tantamount to a pulley. In the classicsense, a pulley incorporates a channel for the race that providesfriction to a belt.

FIG. 12 shows one embodiment of a transmission mated to at least oneElectric Machine System, (preferably a BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric MachineSystem) employed in a VSCF Wind Turbine. This embodiment employsFriction Belts, Timing Belts, Chains, Cables, or similar FlexibleTransmission Means (FTM) If for propagating rotational power from theshaft 2 f of the Wind Turbine Propeller to one or more Electric Machines3 f (preferably BMSCC Electric Machines). Although FIG. 12 shows fourElectric Machines, one or any number of Electric Machines could beincorporated to distribute the stress over multiple units. The combinedrated power of each Electric Machine is the total power expected fromthe Wind Turbine shaft 2 f. Transmission of power is through anarrangement of Pulleys. Since the principle is to increase the speed ofthe Wind Turbine shaft 2 f to a compatible speed for the ElectricMachine shaft pulley 3 f, a Large Pulley 5 f is attached to the windturbine shaft and a Small Pulley 6 f is attached to the ElectricMachine(s). The Flexible Transmission Means follows the circumferencespeed of the Large Pulley 5 f and propagates that speed to thecircumference speed of the Small Pulleys 6 f. The ratio between thecircumference of the Large Pulley 5 f, which is attached to the shaft ofthe Wind Turbine Propeller, and the Small Pulley 6 f, which is attachedto the shaft of the Electric Machine, determines the rotational speedincrease. Since power is the product of torque and speed, the torquewill equally decrease with an increase of speed (or visa-versa). Therevolutions-per-minute (RPM) ratio increase is equal to the diameter oflarge pulley divided by diameter of small pulley. The torque ratiodecreases and is the inverse of the speed ratio increase. The IdlerWheels 4 f guide the flexible transmission means 1 f about the Pulleys 5f & 6 f by applying proper tension on the flexible transmission means orby providing a low loss mechanical channel to the Flexible TransmissionMeans. FIG. 12 shows one arrangement of Idler Wheels but the number andarrangement of Idler Wheels is dependent on the configurationrequirements. The rotation direction of the Wind Mill shaft 10 f wouldpropagate the force 11 f onto the Flexible Transmission Means (FTM).

Two other arrangements of flexible transmission, which would substitutethe view 7 f (or similar view) with view 9 f or 8 f. View 9 f shows theFlexible Transmission Means to wrap around the shaft or pulley of theElectric Machine (preferably a BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric Machine System).This View 9 f is flexible transmission arrangement that reverses thedirection of the Electric Machine shaft with regard to the Wind Millshaft. View 8 f shows another stage of speed increase. The shaft 12 f,which operates at the speed from the first flexible transmission means,drives another large pulley 14 f, which drives a second flexibletransmission means 13 f, which in turns, drives the shaft of ElectricMachine 3 f again with an additional multiplication of speed based onthe ratio between the diameter of the pulley 14 f divided by thediameter of the electric machine pulley.

With the many flexible transmission technology commercially available,the preferred flexible transmission means would be a Timing Belt (i.e.,Gilmer Belt). Timing Belts are efficient, flexible for smooth torquetransfer, quiet, require no lubrication, and are light weight and arestriated for absolute tracking with a striated pulley counter-part.Further, the large pulley (gear) 5 f can be made of aluminum orcomposites for reduced cost or weight because mechanical tolerances arenot as critical for flexible transmission belts. Further, the flexibletransmission means absorbs stress impulses. The torque rating of theflexible belt is determined by many ingredients, such as beltconstruction, incorporated material, number of belts, belt dimensions,etc.

Ideally, the flexible transmission (i.e., the Timing Belt, etc.) wouldbe designed and constructed for lifetime service but in practice, thismay not be a reality. A monitoring mechanism could sense the conditionof the belt or timeout on predicted life expectance of the flexiblebelt, for automatic replacement, such as by a robotic means that wouldbe evident to a mechanical expert, from a rack of new belts held instorage local to the Flexible Transmission Means for this very purpose.For instance, at a predefined time of life, which is also convenient foroverhaul, the wind turbine could be stopped, the idler pulleysde-tensioned, the old belt automatically removed (perhaps by firstcutting the belt), a new belt installed, the idler pulleys returned toproper tension, and finally, the wind turbine returned to operation. Itis quite practical to perform this operation without stopping the windturbine.

FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of a transmission mated to at least oneElectric Machine Systems and is specific to BMSCC electric machines forVSCF Wind Turbines. This embodiment employs an internal gear (orplanetary gear) means for propagating rotational power from the shaft 2g of the Wind Turbine Propeller to at least one BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachines 3 g. Although FIG. 13 shows four BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachines, one or any number of BMSCC (or RTEC) Electric Machines couldbe incorporated. The combined rated power of each BMSCC (or RTEC)Electric Machine is the total power expected from the propeller shaft ofthe wind turbine. The large ring gear 5 g is attached to the shaft 2 gof the wind mill. The pinion gears 6 g, which are gear driven by saidring gear, is attached to the shaft of the BMSCC (or RTEC) ElectricMachine 3 g. The speed ratio and torque ratio of the transmissionfollows the same relation discussed for the Flexible Transmission Means(FTM).

The Flexible Transmission Means, FIG. 12, showed a transmissionembodiment with additional speed increase stages 8 f. The same principleapplies to the Internal (or Planetary) Transmission Embodiment.

Regardless of the transmission means, such as flexible or internal, anyauxiliary transmission stages for additional speed reduction or speedincrease can be based on the flexible transmission means, the internaltransmission means, or other transmission means. Further, the exceptioncontrol resolution of BMSCC could be programmed to reduce stress on theETM.

There is always the option of attaching a BMSCC electric machine of highpole-pair count directly to the shaft and avoid any ETM. Large polecount means large diameter electric machine frames, which introduce itsown set of problems. Perhaps the tradeoff is a limited speed ratio ETMwith larger diameter (i.e., large pole count) electric machinegenerators.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Invention: In general, the introduction ofElectric Vehicles (EV) is sure way of saving global energy withefficiency standards. Since electric vehicles contain a means to producehigh frequency AC for electric propulsion from a portable storagesource, a fleet of electric vehicles become a convenient medium fordistributed storage for improving the quality and efficiency of theutility power distribution system. The electric machine of the electricvehicle, which is for motoring during forced acceleration or generatingduring forced deceleration, and the energy storage source, which is forportable electrical power, are the two distinguishing components of anyelectric vehicle.

This electric vehicle invention shows three new art: 1) an EV powertrain with BMSCC means controlling any electric machine (See EV PowerTrain with RTEC or BMSCC 38 of the BMSCC Dependent Inventions 44 of FIG.6.); 2) a multiphase high frequency distribution bus means for poweringall components in the EV, including the electric machines of the vehicle(See EV Power Train with High Frequency Power Distribution Means (HFPDM)block 40 of the BMSCC Independent Inventions 45 of FIG. 6.), and 3) apower steering assist means (See EV Dual Electric Machine Power SteeringAssistance (DEMPSA) block 41 of the BMSCC Independent Inventions 45 ofFIG. 6.).

FIG. 14 shows the major components for an electric vehicle power train.People with ordinary skill in the art would understand the components ofan electric vehicle and power train. For simplicity, FIG. 14 does notshow the undercarriage, suspension, etc. The front power train of thevehicle includes independent left 1 h and right electric machines 2 h,which are preferably BMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines, frontarticulated axles 7 h with velocity joints 6 h (or universal joints),wheel knuckles 8 h connected to tie rods 9 h and a rack and pinionsteering mechanism with steering wheel and shaft 10 h. The rack andpinion steering mechanism for this example may be any steering mechanismwith or without power assist. The rear power train of the vehicle mayinclude the same basic mechanism found in the front drive train,including the left side 3 h and right side 4 h electric machinesconnected to the wheels with articulated axles, which could be BMSCC (orRTEC) electric machines, and the steering mechanism for completefour-wheel steering.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Assistive Steering Invention: See EV Dual ElectricMachine Power Steering Assistance (DEMPSA) block 41 of the BMSCCIndependent Inventions 45 of FIG. 6. Power assist for EV is achieved byindividually adjusting the torque of the right and left independentelectric machines for the desired steering response via the appropriatefeedback control sensing means, which may even include microprocessorsand accelerometers. The manual steering mechanism may be incorporatedfor failsafe operation and steering integrity during electrical powerfailure or interruption. Likewise, torque control, stability control,anti-lock braking (ABS), etc. are easily incorporate through independentcontrol of the two separate electric machines and a feedback controlmechanism. The rear power train may include two electric machines, asshown in FIG. 14. When incorporating two electric machines certainbenefits result, such as no differential requirement, stability control,ABS, etc., which are easily facilitated by independent control of thetwo separate electric machines and the appropriate feedback controlmechanism. Further, the same power steering assistance described for thefront power train may be incorporated in the rear power train forcomplete four-wheel steering with the appropriate feedback mechanism.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Power Distribution Bus System Invention: See EVPower Train with High Frequency Power Distribution Means (HFPDM) block40 of the BMSCC Independent Inventions 45 of FIG. 6. The EV PowerDistribution Bus would include any energy storage device, such asbattery packs, fuel cells, etc., or any portable electric source, suchas an electric generator driven by a prime mover (i.e., internalcombustion engine, turbine, etc.) 12 h. It also includes a high powerelectrical bus 14 h, which distributes power to all electric machinesand other electrical components of the electric vehicle. The ElectricalBus Control Unit 13 h at the very least monitors the high power bus andmaintains electrical integrity. More likely, the Electrical Bus ControlUnit 13 h converts the electrical power from the power sources 12 h,which may be pure DC, to the Power Distribution Medium 14 h, which maybe pure DC, high frequency AC with a DC envelop, multiphase highfrequency AC with DC envelops, or high frequency AC with multiphase ACenvelops. The high power bus control unit 13 h could be a BMSCCStationary or Rotary Phase or Frequency Converter, which can easilyconvert any DC or AC source 12 h to a multiple phase high frequency ACPower Distribution Bus simply by not incorporating the secondary side ofsynchronous modems of the BMSCC control unit. If the BMSCC control unitincluded the secondary side of the synchronous modems, a multiple phaseLow Frequency AC Power Distribution Bus would be realized.

A high frequency, high power AC distribution system has added protectioncapability and advantages. For instance, the high power bus control unit13 h will monitor the current at the high frequency for any alarmcondition, such as a short circuit condition, and shut off disconnectthe source 12 h within the expected half cycle period of the highfrequency AC or at the next zero crossing of the AC power, which alwaysoccurs at the high frequency. Since power for a high frequency highpower bus is applied on a half cycle basis, a short circuit alarm couldstop the switching within half cycle, which is well within the intensepulse current duration immunity tolerance of most power semiconductors.A high frequency distribution bus allows for simple, compact step-up orstep-down voltage conversion at any point along the bus. A highfrequency distribution bus allows for failsafe operation with continuedoperation with any remaining phases of integrity with phase failures. Ahigh frequency multiphase distribution bus allows for distributing thetotal power over as many wires and connections as phases, which improveselectrical efficiency. A high frequency multiphase distribution buseasily accommodates the installation of BMSCC wound-rotor doubly-fedelectric machines. A multiple phase high frequency bus may requirespecial accommodations for practical high frequency operation, such asLitz wire, etc.

EV with BMSCC or RTEC Electric Machines: See EV Power Train with RTEC orBMSCC 38 of the BMSCC Dependent Inventions 44 of FIG. 6. BMSCC electricmachines have many advantages in an electric vehicle application. Ifcompared to a the most commonly installed EV electric machine, anycategory of singly-fed electric machine, a BMSCC Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine shows certain benefits. A BMSCC Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed(WRDF) Electric Machine operates at 7200 rpm@1 pole-pair with 60 Hz(from the high power distribution bus), which is twice the speed andhalf the size of a comparably sized singly-fed electric machine. At fullexcitation frequency (or speed), the BMSCC-WRDF electric machineoperates at half the voltage and with lower eddy current losses. As afully symmetrical electric machine, a BMSCC-WRDF electric machine canmotor or generator without additional electronic support. Any singly-fedor doubly-fed electric machine with BMSCC shows transfer of power to orfrom the storage power source 12 h with evenly distributed waveforms oflow harmonic content and without additional stages of electronicconditioning.

Incorporating multiple BMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines wouldconveniently benefit with a high power electrical bus 14 h operatingwith high frequency AC with a DC envelop, multiphase high frequency ACwith DC envelops, or high frequency AC with multiphase AC envelops. Forinstance, a high frequency, high power distribution system connectsdirectly to the primary side of the PDF-HFT or PDF-HFT-PIF-HFT of theBMSCC (or RTEC) electric machines and avoids the primary sidesynchronous modem stage, since the primary synchronous modem for allelectric machines along the distribution bus is the high power buscontrol unit 13 h that is without the secondary synchronous modem. TheBus Control Unit 13 h becomes an integral part of any BMSCC art employedin the EV. In this configuration, it will be understood that together,the high frequency bus 14 h, the high power bus control unit 13 h, andthe partial BMSCC electric machine, as described, is a complete BMSCCelectric machine with said components distributed over a greaterdistance.

1. A Brushless Multiphase Self-Commutation Controlled Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Synchronous Electric Machine System referred to as BMSCCwherein said secondary phase windings excite the moving phase windingsselected from a group consisting of axial flux, transverse flux, radialflux, linear moving and rotating Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed ElectricMachines; wherein said secondary phase windings of said BMSCC arephase-to-phase connected to said moving phase windings; wherein saidsecondary phase windings of said PDF-HFT of said BMSCC move at the samespeed or position as the moving body of said selected Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Electric Machines.
 2. A combination defined in claim 1,wherein each phase of said primary (stationary) phase windings of saidBMSCC has an individual connection in series with each phase of thestationary phase winding of said Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed ElectricMachine; whereby the terminals of said series connection of each phaseare connected to appropriate phase of the electric power distribution;whereby a series connected brushless self-commutated Wound-RotorDoubly-Fed Synchronous Electric Machine “system” is provided.
 3. Acombination defined in claim 1, wherein each phase of said primary(stationary) phase windings of said BMSCC has a connection withappropriate phase of the electrical power distribution and each phase ofthe stationary phase winding of said Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed ElectricMachines has a connection with appropriate phase of the electric powerdistribution; wherein the terminals of each phase of said stationaryphase windings of said BMSCC and said Wound-Rotor Doubly-fed ElectricMachine are in parallel connection with Appropriate phase of theelectric power distribution; whereby a parallel connected brushlessself-commutated Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Synchronous Electric MachineSystem is provided.
 4. A combination defined in claim 1, wherein atleast one stationary phase winding of said Wound-Rotor Doubly-FedElectric Machine system is connected to appropriate phase of theelectric power distribution through an excitation controller; whereinsaid excitation controller is selected from a group consisting ofelectronic switches and electromechanical switches; whereby a brushlessself-commutated Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Synchronous Electric MachineSystem with supplemental excitation control to BMSCC is provided.
 5. ABrushless Singly-Fed Synchronous Electric Machine System comprising acombination defined in claim 3, wherein the stationary phase windings ofsaid Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machines are replaced with at leastone assembly selected from a group consisting of Permanent Magnetassemblies and electromagnet (i.e., field winding) assemblies; whereby abrushless singly-fed synchronous electric machine system selected from agroup consisting of permanent magnet or field wound synchronous electricmachine system is provided.
 6. A combination defined in claim 1, whereinsaid secondary phase windings of said BMSCC excites the stationary (orstator) phase windings of an electric machine selected from a groupconsisting singly-fed and doubly-fed further selected from a group ofaxial flux, radial flux, transverse flux, rotating and linear movingWound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machines (WRDFEM), Asynchronous ElectricMachines (AEM), Synchronous Electric Machines (SEM) with permanentmagnets, Synchronous Electric Machines (SEM) with field woundelectromagnets, and Reluctance Electric Machines (REM); wherein saidsecondary phase windings of said BMSCC are connected to said stationary(or stator) phase windings of said electric machine; wherein said movingside of said PDF-HFT+PIF-HFT Combination of said BMSCC moves at the samespeed or placement as the moving body of said electric machine.
 7. Agadget as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 further comprising a magneticcore further comprising art selected from a group consisting oflaminations, powders, ribbons, and tapes of material further selectedfrom a group consisting of nanocrystalline material, powdered material,low loss materials, and amorphous material.
 8. A gadget as in claim 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein said moving phase windings of said BMSCC moveat a different speed than the moving body of said electric machine;whereby said electric machine system emulates a different pole-pair thanthe designed number of pole-pairs of said electric machine in accordancewith said difference of speed between said moving windings of said BMSCCand said moving body of said electric machine or “speed ratio”; whereinsaid speed ratio is by means selected from a group consisting of gears,pulleys, belts, chains, sprockets, Synchros-Resolver systems, fixedspeed electric machine systems, and variable speed electric machinesystems.
 9. A gadget as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 further comprisingart selected from a group consisting of up-to-date science and newscience further selected from a group consisting of windingarrangements, circuits, environmental stress reducing techniques,manufacturing techniques, construction techniques, electricalcomponents, electronic components, nanotechnology, magnetic bearings,bearings, and materials.
 10. A gadget as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6driven by a prime mover; wherein said prime mover is selected from agroup consisting of fixed, variable speed, and controlled prime moversfurther selected from a group consisting of wind, tidal, wave, fuel,engine, motor, manual, sprockets, gears, and pulleys; wherebyelectricity is generated with Brushless Multiphase Self-CommutationControl (BMSCC) and without any derivative of Flux Vector Control means.11. A wind turbine system comprising at least one electric machinesystem as in claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or electric machine systems withoutBMSCC; wherein said electric machine system is driven by the propellerof the wind turbine through a flexible transmission means; wherein saidflexible transmission means comprise at least one flexible belt todistribute torque between at least one flexible belt pulley of saidelectric machine system and at least one flexible belt pulley of saidpropeller of said wind turbine; wherein the speed and torque ratiobetween said flexible belt pulley of said electric machine system andsaid flexible belt pulley of said propeller is determined by the ratiobetween the diameters of said flexible belt pulleys; wherein at leastone of said flexible belts are selected from a group consisting oftiming belt means, chain means, friction belt means, and cable means;wherein at least one said flexible belt pulleys are selected from agroup consisting of sprockets, pulleys, sheaves, cogged pulleys, andtiming belt pulleys.
 12. A gadget as defined in claim 11, wherein saidflexible transmission means further comprise a means to sense thecondition of at least one of said flexible belt, a means to locallystore at least one said flexible belt, at least one means of sensing thecondition of said flexible belt wear to determine replacement criteria,and at least one means of automatic flexible belt replacement; wherebysaid flexible belt is automatically replaced with said flexible beltfrom said storage means by said automatic flexible belt replacementmeans on at least one condition of belt wear determined by said sensemeans.
 13. A wind turbine system comprising at least one electricmachine system as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; wherein said electricmachine systems are connected to the propeller of said wind turbinesystem by an internal gear transmission means; wherein at least one ringgear is attach to said propeller of said wind turbine that distributethe torque of said propeller to at least one pinion gear attached to theshafts of said electric machine systems; wherein said pinion gearrotates about said ring gear in a manner selected from a groupconsisting of inner and outer circumferences of said ring gears; whereinthe speed and torque ratio between said ring gear and said pinion gearis determined by the ratio between the diameters of said ring gear andsaid pinion gear.
 14. A wind turbine system comprising at least oneelectric machine as in claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or electric machinesystems without BMSCC; wherein said wind turbine system is ocean based;wherein said ocean is used as a large chemical battery device based onelectrolysis principles for storing electric energy.
 15. An electricvehicle power train system comprising at least one of said electricmachine systems as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. 16. An electric vehiclepower train system comprising: at least one electric machine system asin claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or electric machine systems without BMSCC; ahigh frequency distribution bus between more than one of said electricmachine system of said electric vehicle power train; wherein said highfrequency distribution bus is selected from a group consisting of singlephase AC and multiple phase AC; wherein said power distribution bus hasshort circuit detection and soft switching means; whereby said powerdistribution bus can be tapped for AC power at least at one locationalong said high frequency distribution bus.
 17. An electric vehicleassistive steering gadget comprising: at least one pair of electricmachine systems as in claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or electric machinesystems without BMSCC; wherein each of said electric machine systems ofsaid pair is controlled independently; wherein each of said electricmachine systems from said pair independently drives alternate axlesinvolved with steering said electric vehicle; wherein independentcontrol of torque between said pair of said electric machine systems canpower assist said steering mechanism; wherein the control can emulatefixed or variable steering ratios.